Frankenstein Essay

Mary Shelley wrote the novel Frankenstein. The novel is also known as the modern Prometheus. Mary Shelley, her husband Percy and Lord Byron went to Lake Geneva. Lord Byron challenged the group to a ghost story. After that Mary Shelley had a dream which then made her start writing her ghost story. Her dream was of a boy which made a machine, a man, which showed signs of life. Mary then had the basis of her story and went on to complete the novel in 1817 and published it in 1818, in London when she was 18 years old. Another thing which influenced Mary in writing Frankenstein was Jean Jacques Rousseau, a French philosopher, writer and composer in the 18th century. She was deeply motivated by his thoughts and dreams. Her description in Frankenstein closely resembles her documentations of Rousseau’s wanderings throughout his days of exile. This probably gave her an idea of making the monster alone after her idea of a man made human machine. Also Mary knew that Rousseau abandoned his children to an orphanage which Mary disapproved of, but I think this gave her the idea of Victor abandoning his creation, this also happened to Mary when she was young and it also happened to Rousseau when he was young. They were both dreamers, yet outcasts and both found inspiration in loneliness and isolation. The novel Frankenstein is also called the modern Prometheus. The reason why the novels subtitle is called the modern Prometheus is because in Greek mythology, Prometheus was the titan who stole fire from god and gave it to man. Victor stole the secret of creation of life from god in a way because he created a being in the likeness of a man. He stole this ‘fire’ or power and bought it to man just like Prometheus did. Mary Shelley evokes a sense of horror when Victor Frankenstein says in (chapter 5): â€Å"It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils. † This was when Victor creates life, a being in the likeness of a man. ‘Dreary’ could be dull, gloomy and evil. She included the month of November to show that it is near the end of the year and it creates a dark setting. November’ is also a cold, dreary month. It is before December (the last month of the year) so it could mean before death. ‘Beheld’ is carrying out or something which you have already carried out. It can create a sense of dread because the thing being carried out could be an evil thing which was carried out. The word ‘accomplishment’ can be victory, creation or achievement. It could be victory or achievement of the creation of something evil which creates the dread. In this case it was the achievement of creating life. ‘Toils’ is the hard work and hard work is work which is done over a long time. So if it is work done over a long period of time, than it gives you the feeling that something wicked is being created behind all the hard work. The second link is that Prometheus was the one who made humans, just like Victor did from scratch. This had lot in common with the classic Prometheus; the dream and the creation of a new species; the disregard of limits. â€Å"I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. † The point where the new being had started its life also creates a sense of fear. ‘Dull’ is gloomy, dreary, evil and deadly. Yellow’ is a colour most commonly used in dangerous and dreadful creatures for the eyes and body so it makes the monster look bloodcurdling. The words ‘open’ and ‘breathed hard’ give the feeling of something is going to happen, a feeling of tension and suspense because it is the first breath of another human created and we do not know what is going to happen. ’Convulsive’ is the jerky muscular contractions resembling a spasm. It can also be the sudden violent movement of rage. It gives us a sense of terror because of the sudden violent movement; you do not know what the monster will do because he is a new creation. Agitated’ is disturbed or trouble. His limbs were troubled and agitated. You can also see it as being in a state of anxiety and not being calm, vigorously shaking back and forth and being restless. It can mean that the monster was impatient and keen to do something. Shelley creates this sense of horror in chapter 5 by making us feel that the monster is an evil person by describing him ‘dull’ and ‘yellow’. Also it creates horror because the monster has sudden violent movements as soon as he is born and is vigorously shaking because of his distressed state. There are 10 elements of a gothic novel. These are: set in castle, which often contains secret passages and hidden parts. Some of Frankenstein is set in darkness and horror for example when before Victor created the monster; he spent nights in churchyards and charnel houses collecting remains of dead bodies in places of dark and ghostly atmosphere. Here Shelley creates the horror. â€Å"As I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave† ‘Dabbled’ can be when you dip your hand or foot into a liquid. But it can also be when someone plays around with their work and experiment things. ’Unhallowed’ is the opposite of hollow, so it is something which is not empty inside. It can also be seen as someone treating something with disrespect or violating the sacredness of something, to remove something from the grave. ‘Damp’ is something which has moisture, a slight wetness on an object. This is related to the gothic element of a setting in darkness or castle. So here, Victor is playing around with the bodies, trying to get a perfect body for his creation when he is dabbling. You can tell it is a body he wants because unhallowed is when it is not empty, and the graves are not empty because they have dead bodies which could be slight wet because they are in the ground. He is raising a body from a grave in a dark graveyard to create a new life. This is how Shelley creates the dread in this gothic element in chapter 4. An atmosphere of mystery and suspense, were fear is often enhanced by the unknown. The terrible, gloomy weather creates suspense and are also metaphors for sorrow and distress. Some gothic novels also contain ancient prophecies which could be obscure, profound or confusing. It could be omens, portents, visions or disturbing dreams like when Victor had a horrifying dream foreshadowing Elizabeth’s death. He was dreaming of Elizabeth who was healthy, but it turned out to be his mum corpse who he was kissing. Shelley creates the sense of horror here when Victor tells of his dream after he created his creation. â€Å"I slept indeed, but I was disturbed by the wildest dreams. I thought I saw Elizabeth, in the bloom of health, walking in the streets of Ingolstadt. Delighted and surprised, I embraced her, but as soon as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death; her features appeared to change, and I thought I held the corpse of my dead mother in my arms, a shroud enveloped her form, and I saw the grave-worms crawling in the folds of the flannel. † This was the horrifying dream which Victor had in chapter 5. He thought he saw Elizabeth in the ‘bloom’ of health. A bloom can be a blossom or a flower or a seed starting to grow into a bud or flower. The dream starts off in a cheerful manner, but the fear starts to occur after he ‘embraces’ her. Embrace is when you meet someone, shake their hands, hug them or kiss them. But when he went to ‘imprint’ the kiss on her lips the delightfulness was blown away. Imprinted’ is when you stick, print, dent, mark or impress something or someone. Here it is used as printing a kiss on her lips. ‘Livid’ is something becoming discoloured, purple, bruised, enraged or unusual. ‘Hue’ is colour, a shade or tinge of colour. The lips became discoloured and unusual; they had the shade and colour of death on them. Shelley starts to create the sense of horror here. ‘Features’ are the characteristics of something. It is something which makes up an object or thing. Elizabeth’s features are the limbs and all parts of her body like the nose and eyes. They all started to change. ‘Corpse’ is a dead body. ‘Shroud’ is a covering, blanket, veil or cloak. ‘Enveloped’ is when something encloses on an object or when something surrounds it, an attacking force. ‘Flannel’ is a soft light piece of woollen fabric. I think Shelley used this dream to show that Victor regretted making his creation. As soon as he made it, he abandoned it. The dream was probably trying to tell Victor that he had done something very awful. Also, as soon as the dream had finished and he woke up, the monster was standing over him. The corpse in his dream could be the monster and it could be a vision telling him that your creation will do the same to you; he will be pleasant to you at first like the ‘bloom of health’ but then turn horrific like the corpse and hate you if you turn away from him. It can also mean that Victor is Elizabeth, a lovely, determined man, but after creating the monster he turned heart-less and deadly like the corpse and it comes to hunt him. Supernatural inexplicable events, dramatic, amazing events occur. In Frankenstein, the monster is the supernatural being when he is created. High emotion, characters are often overcome by anger, sorrow, surprise and most often, terror like in Frankenstein the monster is very heart-broken as he finds out no one loves him, even though he loves many humans, so he becomes angry, distraught and lonely. Some gothic novels also have women in distress, threatened by a powerful, tyrannical male. They also have metonymy of gloom and horrors e. g. wind, rain, moans and howls. Terrible weather used by Mary Shelley for dread and horror in Frankenstein is an example of this. It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out. † This was at the beginning of chapter 5 when Victor finishes creating his creation. Shelley used dreadful weather (a gothic element) and the completion of Victor’s creation at the same time to create the sense of horror. The monster opened his eyes just after the heavy rain started to beating against the panes. ’Pattered dismally’ is when the rain patters on your window in a dreadful and cheerless manner. ‘My candle was nearly burnt out’. It tells you how dreadful the weather was. The candle was almost burnt out inside a room, and as soon as the candle was almost burnt out, the monster opened his eyes. Shelley used this in an obvious way to create tension and that dread of the horrendous weather and light being gone out from the room combined with the yellow eyes of the monster opening. The monster in Frankenstein is symbolic of many things. Misogyny is one of them. Victor left Elizabeth for his determination of learning new ideas and to feed his craving for knowledge and learning. We sat late. We could not tear ourselves away from each other, nor persuade ourselves to say the word ‘farewell! ’ It was said; and we retired under the pretence of seeking repose, each fancying that the other was deceived. † It is symbolic of Frankenstein (the monster) because the monster stopped the doctor from being with Elizabeth. It may be a symbol of science because it is repeatedly shown in the novel as an alternat ive way of understanding the world to that offered by religion. The monster is a warning against scientific progress. The creature represents this in both its power and its deformities (both physical and moral). The warning against scientific progress is shown when Victor creates a new being and all the casualties which occur after for going advance in science, like the death of Victors brother and Elizabeth, and the loneliness, isolation and being neglected causes the creature rage and sorrow, which after causes him to become evil. It may be symbolic of the parent child relationship. The monster grows up unloved, nameless and untutored-it is a moral lesson to parents about their obligations to their children. Shelly’s tragedy is similar. She lost her mother 10 days after she was born and grew up alone most of the time, so she could be making the monster symbolic of her. It symbolises destructive nature of dangerous ambition in psychological tale. It also considers the question of whether man is born evil or made evil by society, as we see in Frankenstein, the monster is born loving and caring, but the rejection of Victor and other humans made him loose his love and was made evil by society. Shelley uses the monster to symbolise those who have lost their freedom. His purpose is political. Frankenstein contains romanticism. The romantic period had an influence on Mary Shelley. This novel contains many elements of romance, but there are three main ones. These are powerful love, unreturned love and uncertainty of reciprocation. The monster had powerful love when he was born, he was not born evil. He loved Victor very much and begged him for the redeeming power of love. But Victor disliked the monster and abandoned him and his duty to look after his creation. This was unreturned love, the second element, where the monster loved Victor, but he did not give the love back. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened, and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped, and rushed downstairs†. ‘Inarticulate’ is someone who is speechless, who is not speaking clearly, and hesitating and mumbling. ’grin’ is a smile, smirk or a pleasant beam. ‘Detain’ is to hold someone, arrest or capture someone. You can see this as a non-evil side and an evil side. The negative way you can see this is the monster opening the bed curtain and fixing his eyes on Victor, as if he was going to do something to him. This is where Shelley starts to create the fear. His mouth opened to say something, he may have wanted to curse Victor or say something unpleasant towards him for creating him and then running away from him. His hand was probably stretched out to capture Victor and hold him a prisoner, before Victor runs away. I think that this is unreturned love. This is where the monster wanted to be loved, and he loved Victor. I see this as a non-evil side. The monster opened the bed curtains to wake up Victor from his horrific dream which the monster could see because of Victor’s convulsive limbs, he wanted to help Victor. His eyes were fixed on Victor because it was the first time he ever saw him properly and wanted to be loved by him. When he opened his mouth to say something, he probably wanted to say some compassionate words and then when he stretched his hands out, he probably wanted to hold Victor and hug him for creating him; for giving him life again. But Victor probably thought he was trying to attack him so he escaped, but I think that the monster wanted love which was not returned to him. An example of the third element is when the monster watched and studied a family of cottagers, he felt as if he was part of their family without even meeting them. Even after the cottager’s rejection, he still had hope that they would accept him. This shows the uncertainty of reciprocation, where someone is uncertain if something is going to be returned. In Frankenstein, the monster is the example of this, he is unsure if he is ever going to be loved. The Enlightenment was a very optimistic, yet realistic, era in history. It found people rallying for major changes to take place. The attitude of the Enlightenment was to question everything and think deeply about its meaning, challenging the importance and validity of tradition. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Shelley portrays ideas about progress, optimism, liberty, fate, happiness, nature, and the physical world in a manner that supports Enlightenment attitudes. The enlightenment age encouraged everyone to use reason and science in order to rid the world of barbarism and superstition. In Frankenstein, Shelley argues that Frankenstein’s role as an enlightenment hero, not only pulled him out of nature, but made him a slave to his creation, and that Frankenstein’s role as a revolting romantic failed, because he did not take responsibility for his creation and mankind must find a balance between the enlightenment and romantic ideologies. When Victor takes a moment to ponder upon a story from his youth, we get a glimpse at the Enlightenment view of fate. Victor recalls a time when he was fifteen and lightning not just split, but splintered, a tree near his house. A well researched natural philosopher just happened to be with him at the time, and when he explained the scientific concepts that had destroyed the tree, Victor immersed himself in the study of mathematics and the sciences related to mathematics. â€Å"As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards issue from our house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump. When we visited it the next morning, we found the tree shattered in a singular manner. It was not splintered by the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribands of wood. I never beheld anything so utterly destroyed. † ‘Behold’ is to see, to hold, to think or be felt. ‘Stream’ is the smaller part of a river. It is also used for something wavy or floating. ‘Issue’ is a subject, concern, problem, number or copy. I think in this quote it means rising. The ‘oak’ is a type of wood and also a tree name. ‘Dazzling’ is something shining or glimmering in your eyes, and lighting is the dazzling here. ‘Blasted stump’ is a blown and horrible base or remain. Shattered’ is something broken, devastated, crushed or traumatized. A ‘singular manner’ is a shocking, extraordinary way. ‘Ribands’ is pieces of material. So in chapter 2 Victor says about how he saw a wave of fire rise from an old tree outside his house. The tree had disappeared as soon as the lightning had struck it and all that remained was the base of the tree. When he visited it the next morning, the tree was crushed in an astonishing way. It was reduced to strips of woods and he had never seen anything like this before. The enlightenment encouraged people to use science and reason to rid of false ideas and beliefs. After Victor had seen this, a man of great research of natural philosophy was with him and he explained to Victor about electricity and galvanism (electricity produced by chemical action and in biology, galvanism is the contraction of a muscle that is stimulated by an electric current). Victor had never heard of these theories or ideas before about electricity. This was new to him and in future when he made his monster he used electricity from lightning to stimulate the body of movement. There is a small amount of dread and horror which Shelley has created in this quote. Words like vanishing, disappearing, shattered and splintered give you negative feelings of something happening. This can be the story of Victor when he just finished creating the monster. â€Å"As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards issue from our house†. This can be Victor standing at the door when his creation is about to be finished and he saw a new body rising from an old body which stood about 20 yards from him. And as soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump. When we visited it the next morning, we found the tree shattered in a singular manner†. And as soon as the creature was born, Victor disappeared, the tree could be Victor, and nothing remained but the monster. When Victor visited it the next morning, the monster was traumatized and devastated in a shocking way because he was left alone at his birth. It was not splintered by the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribands of wood. I never beheld anything so utterly destroyed† He was not devastated by being created again, but because Victor abandoned him and Victor could not believe he created a new being. This vision which he saw of the lightning could have been a warning to him not to go ahead with his ideas; otherwise there would be danger and consequences. The dream which he had in Chapter 5 after creating the monster, could have been telling him that he is now in danger and he has consequences for creating the monster.

Indian Rupee Essay

â€Å"INR† redirects here. For other uses, see INR (disambiguation). For the Malayalam film, see Indian Rupee (film). Indian rupee â‚ ¹| à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾ (Hindi)| | ISO 4217 code| INR| Central bank| Reserve Bank of India| Website | www.rbi.org.in| Official user(s)| India| Unofficial user(s)| Bhutan (alongside theBhutanese ngultrum) Nepal (alongside theNepalese rupee)| Inflation| 5.96%, March 2013| Source | Economic Adviser| Method | WPI| Pegged by| Bhutanese ngultrum (at par) Nepalese rupee (1 INR = 1.6 NPR)| Subunit| | 1/100 | Paisa| Symbol| â‚ ¹| Paisa| p| Formerly used symbols and Coins | â‚ ¨, Rs, à ² °Ã  ³â€š, à § ³, à « ±, à ° °Ã  ±â€š, à ¯ ¹, à ¤ °Ã  ¥  .| Nickname| Taka(à § ³), Rupayya, Rupai, Rupees, Rupay, Rupayee| Coins| 50 paise, â‚ ¹1, â‚ ¹2, â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10| Banknotes| â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹20, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500, â‚ ¹1000| Printer| Reserve Bank of India| Website | www.rbi.org.in| Mint| India Government Mint| Website | www.spmcil.com| The Indian rupee (sign: â‚ ¹; code: INR) is the official currency of the Republic of India. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India.[1] The modern rupee is subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa), though as of 2011 only 50-paise coins are legal tender.[2][3] Banknotes in circulation come in denominations of â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹20, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1000. Rupee coins are available in denominations of â‚ ¹1, â‚ ¹2, â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹100 and â‚ ¹1000; of these, the â‚ ¹100 and â‚ ¹1000 coins are  for commemorative purposes only; the only other rupee coin has a nominal value of 50 paise, since lower denominations have been officially withdrawn. The Indian rupee symbol ‘â‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (officially adopted in 2010) is derived from the Devanagari consonant â€Å"à ¤ °Ã¢â‚¬  (Ra) and the Latin letter â€Å"R†. The first series of coins with the rupee symbol was launched on 8 Ju ly 2011. The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Recently RBI launched a website Paisa-Bolta-Hai to raise awareness of counterfeit currency among users of the INR. Contents [hide] * 1 Etymology * 2 Design * 3 Numeral system * 4 History * 4.1 Indias * 4.2 Straits Settlements * 4.3 International use * 5 Coins * 5.1 East India Company, 1835 * 5.2 Regal issues, 1862–1947 * 5.3 Independent predecimal issues, 1950–1957 * 5.4 Independent decimal issues, 1957– * 5.5 Special coins * 6 Banknotes * 6.1 British India * 6.2 Independent issues since 1949 * 6.3 Current banknotes * 7 Languages * 8 Minting * 9 Security features * 10 Convertibility * 10.1 Chronology * 11 Exchange rates * 11.1 Historic exchange rates * 11.2 Banknotes and coins in circulation * 11.3 Current exchange rates * 12 See also * 13 References * 14 External links ————————————————- Etymology[edit source | editbeta] The word â€Å"rupee† was derived from the Sanskrit word raupyak, meaning â€Å"silver†. This is similar to the British Pound-Sterling, in which the term ‘sterling’ means ‘silver’. 1. à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  «â€¹ (rupiyo) in Gujarati 2. à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾ (tà ´ka) in Assamese 3. à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾ (taka) in Bengali 4. à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾ (rupayÄ ) in Hindi 5. Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™ (pronounced ropyih) in Kashmiri 6. à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿ (rÃ… «pÄ yi) in Kannada, Tulu and Konkani 7. à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾ (rupayÄ ) in Konkani 8. à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª (rÃ… «pÄ ) in Malayalam 9. à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾ (rupayÄ ) in Marathi 10. à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ (rupiya) in Nepali 11. à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾(tanka) in Oriya 12. à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨Ë†Ã  ¨â€  (rupiÄ ) in Punjabi 13. à ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ®Ã  ¥  (rÃ… «pyakam) in Sanskrit (Devnagari) 14. à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¹ (rupiyo) in Sindhi 15. à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯  (rÃ… «pÄ i) in Tamil 16. à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ¿ (rÃ… «pÄ yi) in Telugu 17. Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™ (rupay) in Urdu However, in the Assam, West Bengal, Tripura and Odisha the Indian rupee is officially known by names derived from the word à ¤Å¸Ã  ¤â„¢Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤â€¢ (á ¹ ­aá ¹â€¡kÄ ), which means â€Å"money†.[4] Thus, the rupee is called à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾ (á ¹ ­Ãƒ ´kÄ ) in Assamese, à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾ (á ¹ ­Ã„ kÄ ) in Bengali and à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾ (á ¹ ­aá ¹â€¡kÄ ) in Oriya. The amount (and the word â€Å"rupee†) is, accordingly, written on the front of Indian banknotes in English and Hindi, whilst on the back the name is listed, in English alphabetical order,[5] in 15 other Indian languages[6] ————————————————- Design[edit source | editbeta] The new sign (â‚ ¹) is a combination of the Devanagari letter â€Å"à ¤ °Ã¢â‚¬  (ra) and the Latin capital letter â€Å"R† without its vertical bar (similar to the R rotunda). The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) are said to make an allusion to the tricolour Indian flag.[7] and also depict an equality sign that symbolises the nation’s desire to reduce economic disparity. It was designed at theNational Institute of Design ————————————————- Numeral system[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Indian numbering system The Indian numeral system is based on the decimal system, with two notable differences from Western systems using long and short scales. The system is ingrained in everyday monetary transactions in the Indian subcontinent. Indian semantic| International semantic| Indian comma placement| International comma placement| 1 lakh| 100 thousand| 1,00,000| 100,000| 10 lakhs| 1 million| 10,00,000| 1,000,000| 1 crore| 10 million| 1,00,00,000| 10,000,000| 10 crores| 100 million| 10,00,00,000| 100,000,000| 1 Arab| 1 billion| 1,00,00,00,000| 1,000,000,000| 10 Arabs| 10 billion| 10,00,00,00,000| 10,000,000,000| 1 kharab| 100 billion| 1,00,00,00,00,000| 100,000,000,000| 10 kharabs| 1 trillion| 10,00,00,00,00,000| 1,000,000,000,000| 1 padam(shankh)| 10 trillion| 1,00,00,00,00,00,000| 10,000,000,000,000| 10 padams(shankhs)| 100 trillion| 10,00,00,00,00,00,000| 100,000,000,000,000| * Note that in practice, use of Arab, kharab, padam is rare. In modern usage, 1 Arab would be 100 crores. For example, the amount â‚ ¹3,25,84,729.25 is read as â€Å"three crore, twenty-five lakh, eighty-four thousand, seven hundred twenty-nine rupees and twenty-five paise†. The use of millions (or billions, trillions, etc.) in the Indian subcontinent is very rare. ————————————————- History[edit source | editbeta] Main article: History of the rupee Indias[edit source | editbeta] Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, known as Rupyarupa, 3rd century BCE. Historically, the rupee (derived from the Sanskrit word raupya), was a silver coin. This had severe consequences in the nineteenth century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of large quantities of silver in the United States and several European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of silver relative to gold, devaluing India’s standard currency. This event was known as â€Å"the fall of the rupee†. The history of the Indian rupee traces back to Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world,[8]along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The Hindi word rÃ… «piya is derived form Sanskrit word rÃ… «pya, which means â€Å"wrought silver, a coin of silver†,[9] in origin an adjective meaning â€Å"shapely†, with a more specific meaning of â€Å"stamped, impressedà ¢â‚¬ , whence â€Å"coin†. It is derived from the noun rÃ… «pa â€Å"shape, likeness, image†. The word rÃ… «pa is being further identified as having sprung from the Dravidian â€Å". Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya(c. 340-290 BCE), mentions silver coins asrupyarupa, other types of coins including gold coins (Suvarnarupa), copper coins ( Tamararupa) and lead coins (Sisarupa) are also mentioned. Rupa means form or shape, example, Rupyarupa, Rupya – wrought silver, rupa – form.[10] During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, he set up a new civic and military administration, Afghan king Sher Shah Suri issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed theRupiya.[9][11] The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India.[12] Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include; the Bank of Hindustan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (1784–91). Rupiya issued by Sher Shah Suri, 1540–1545 CE India was unaffected by the imperial order-in-council of 1825, which attempted to introduce British sterling coinage to the British colonies. British India, at that time, was controlled by the British East  India Company. The silver rupee continued as the currency of India through the British Raj and beyond. In 1835, British India adopted a mono-metallic silver standard based on the rupee; this decision was influenced by a letter written by Lord Liverpool in 1805 extolling the virtues of mono-metallism. Following the Indian Mutiny in 1857, the British government took direct control of British India. Since 1851, gold sovereigns were produced en masse at the Royal Mint in Sydney, New South Wales. In an 1864 attempt to make the British gold sovereign the â€Å"imperial coin†, the treasuries in Bombay andCalcutta were instructed to receive gold sovereigns; however, these gold sovereigns never left the vaults. As the British government gave up hope of replacing the rupee in India with the pound sterling, it realized for the same reason it could not replace the silver dollar in the Straits Settlements with the Indian rupee (as the British East India Company had desired). Since the silver crisis of 1873, a number of nations adopted the gold standard; however, India remained on the silver standard until it was replaced by a basket of commodities and currencies in the late 20th century.[citation needed] The Indian rupee replaced the Danish Indian rupee in 1845, the French Indian rupee in 1954 and the Portuguese Indian escudo in 1961. Following the independence of British India in 1947 and theaccession of the princely states to the new Union, the Indian rupee replaced all the currencies of the previously autonomous states (although the Hyderabadi rupee was not demonetised until 1959).[13] Some of the states had issued rupees equal to those issued by the British (such as the Travancore rupee). Other currencies (including the Hyderabadi rupee and the Kutch kori) had different values. One-rupee banknote Obverse of a one-rupee note issued by the Government of India. The values of the subdivisions of the rupee during British rule (and in the first decade of independence) were: * 1 rupee = 16 anna (later 100 naye paise) * 1 artharupee = 8 anna, or 1/2 rupee (later 50 naye paise) * 1 pavala = 4 anna, or 1/4 rupee (later 25 naye paise) * 1 beda = 2 anna, or 1/8 rupee (later equivalent to 12.5 naye paise) * 1 anna = 1/16 rupee (later equivalent to 6.25 naye paise) * 1 paraka = 1/2 anna (later equivalent to 3.125 naye paise) * 1 kani (pice) = 1/4 anna (later equivalent to 1.5625 naye paise) * 1 damidi (pie) = 1/12 anna (later equivalent to 0.520833 naye paise) In 1957, the rupee was decimalised and divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi for â€Å"new paise†); in 1964, the initial â€Å"naye† was dropped. Many still refer to 25, 50 and 75 paise as 4, 8 and 12 annas respectively, similar to the usage of â€Å"two bits† in American English for a quarter-dollar. Straits Settlements[edit source | editbeta] The Straits Settlements were originally an outlier of the British East India Company. The Spanish dollar had already taken hold in the Settlements by the time the British arrived during the 19th century; however, the East India Company tried to replace it with the rupee. This attempt was resisted by the locals; by 1867 (when the British government took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company), attempts to introduce the rupee were finally abandoned. International use[edit source | editbeta] See also: Pakistani rupee With the Partition the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with â€Å"Pakistan†. Previously the Indian rupee was an official currency of other countries, including Aden, Oman, Dubai, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, the Seychelles and Mauritius. The Indian government introduced the Gulf rupee – also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR) – as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India (Amendment) Act of 1 May 1959. The creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain on India’s foreign reserves from gold smuggling. After India devalued the rupee on 6 June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States (which became the United Arab Emirates in 1971) – replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965, respectively. The Bhutanese ngultrum is pegged at par with the Indian rupee; both currencies are accepted in Bhutan. The Nepalese rupee is pegged at â‚ ¹0.625; the Indian rupee is accepted in  Nepal, except â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1000 banknotes, which are not legal tender in Nepal. Sri Lanka’s rupee is not currently related to that of India; it is pegged to the US dollar.[14] ————————————————- Coins[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Modern Indian coins East India Company, 1835[edit source | editbeta] The three Presidencies established by the British East India Company (Bengal, Bombay and Madras) each issued their own coinages until 1835. All three issued rupees and fractions thereof down to 1⠁„8- and 1⠁„16-rupee in silver. Madras also issued two-rupee coins. Copper denominations were more varied. Bengal issued one-pie, 1⠁„2-, one- and two-paise coins. Bombay issued 1-pie, 1⠁„4-, 1⠁„2-, 1-, 11⠁„2-, 2- and 4-paise coins. In Madras there were copper coins for two and four pies and one, two and four paisa, with the first two denominated as 1⠁„2 and one dub (or 1⠁„96 and 1⠁„48) rupee. Madras also issued the Madras fanam until 1815. All three Presidencies issued gold mohurs and fractions of mohurs including 1⠁„16, 1⠁„2, 1⠁„4 in Bengal, 1⠁„15 (a gold rupee) and 1⠁„3 (pancia) in Bombay and 1⠁„4, 1⠁„3 and 1⠁„2 in Madras. In 1835, a single coinage for the EIC was introduced. It consisted of copper 1⠁„ 12, 1⠁„4 and 1⠁„2 anna, silver 1⠁„4, 1⠁„3 and 1 rupee and gold 1 and 2 mohurs. In 1841, silver 2 annas were added, followed by copper 1⠁„2 pice in 1853. The coinage of the EIC continued to be issued until 1862, even after the Company had been taken over by the Crown. Regal issues, 1862–1947[edit source | editbeta] Regal issue minted during the reign ofKing/Emperor George V. In 1862, coins were introduced (known as â€Å"regal issues†) which bore the portrait of Queen Victoria and the designation â€Å"India†. Their denominations were1⠁„12 anna, 1⠁„2 pice, 1⠁„4 and 1⠁„2 anna (all in copper), 2 annas, 1⠁„4, 1⠁„2 and one rupee (silver), and five and ten rupees and one mohur (gold). The gold denominations ceased production in 1891, and no 1⠁„2-anna coins were issued after 1877. In 1906, bronze replaced copper for the lowest three denominations; in 1907, a cupro-nickel one-anna coin was introduced. In 1918–1919 cupro-nickel two-, four- and eight-annas were  introduced, although the four- and eight-annas coins were only issued until 1921 and did not replace their silver equivalents. In 1918, the Bombay mint also struck gold sovereigns and 15-rupee coins identical in size to the sovereigns as an emergency measure during to the First World War. In the early 1940s, several changes were implemented. The 1⠁„12 anna and 1⠁„2 pice ceased production, the 1⠁„4 anna was changed to a bronze, holed coin, cupro-nickel and nickel-brass 1⠁„2-anna coins were introduced, nickel-brass was used to produce some one- and two-annas coins, and the silver composition was reduced from 91.7 to 50 percent. The last of the regal issues were cupro-nickel 1⠁„4-, 1⠁„2- and one-rupee pieces minted in 1946 and 1947, bearing the image of George VI, King and Emperor on the obverse and an Indian tiger on the reverse.. Independent predecimal issues, 1950–1957[edit source | editbeta] Indian one pice, minted in 1950 India’s first coins after independence were issued in 1950 in 1 pice, 1⠁„2, one and two annas, 1⠁„4, 1⠁„2 and one-rupee denominations. The sizes and composition were the same as the final regal issues, except for the one-pice (which was bronze, but not holed). Independent decimal issues, 1957–[edit source | editbeta] In 1964, India introduced aluminium coins for denominations up to 20p. The first decimal-coin issues in India consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 naye paise, and 1 rupee. The 1 naya paisa was bronze; the 2, 5 & 10 naye paise were cupro-nickel, and the 25 naye paise (nicknamed chavanni; 25 naye paise equals 4 annas), 50 naye paise (also called athanni; 50 naye paise equaled 8 old annas) and 1-rupee coins were nickel. In 1964, the word naya(e) was removed from all coins. Between 1964 and 1967, aluminum one-, two-, three-, five- and ten-paise coins were introduced. In 1968 nickel-brass 20-paise coins were introduced, and replaced by aluminum coins in 1982. Between 1972 and 1975, cupro-nickel replaced nickel in the 25- and 50-paise and the 1-rupee coins; in 1982, cupro-nickel two-rupee coins were introduced. In 1988 stainless steel 10-, 25- and 50-paise coins were introduced, followed by 1- and 5-rupee coins in 1992. Five-rupee coins, made frombrass, are being minted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Between 2005  and 2008 new, lighter fifty-paise, one-, two- and five-rupee coins were introduced, made from ferritic stainless steel. The move was prompted by the melting-down of older coins, whose face value was less than their scrap value. The demonetization of the 25-(chavanni)paise coin and all paise coins below it took place, and a new series of coins (50 paise – nicknamed athanni – one, two, five and ten rupees, with the new rupee symbol) were put into circulation in 2011. Coins commonly in circulation are one, two, five and ten rupees.[15][16] Although it is still legal tender, the 50-paise (athanni) coin is rarely seen in circulation.[17] Circulating Coins [15][18]| Value| Technical parameters| Description| Year of| | Diameter| Mass| Composition| Shape| Obverse| Reverse| First minting| Last minting| 50 paise| 19 mm| 3.79 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, the word â€Å"PAISE† in English and Hindi, floral motif and year of minting| 2011| | 50 paise| 22 mm| 3.79 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, hand in a fist| 2008| | â‚ ¹1| 25 mm| 4.85 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India, value| Value, two stalks of wheat| 1992| | â‚ ¹1| 25 mm| 4.85 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, hand showing thumb (an expression in the Bharata Natyam Dance)| 2007| | â‚ ¹1| 22 mm| 3.79 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting| 2011| | â‚ ¹2| 26 mm| 6 g| Cupro-Nickel| Eleven Sided| Emblem of India, Value| National integration| 1982| | â‚ ¹2| 27 mm| 5.62 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India, year of minting| Value, hand showing two fingers (Hasta Mudra – hand gesture from the dance Bharata Natyam)| 2007| | â‚ ¹2| 25 mm| 4.85 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting| 2011| | â‚ ¹5| 23 mm| 9 g| Cupro-Nickel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value| 1992| | â‚ ¹5| 23 mm| 6 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, wavy lines| 2007| | â‚ ¹5| 23 mm| 6 g| Brass| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, wavy lines| 2009| | â‚ ¹5| 23 mm| 6 g| Nickel- Brass| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting| 2011| | â‚ ¹10|  27 mm| 5.62 g| Bimetallic| Circular| Emblem of India with value| Value, wavy lines| 2006| | â‚ ¹10| 27 mm| 5.62 g| Bimetallic| Circular| Emblem of India and year of minting| Value with outward radiating pattern, new rupee sign| 2011| | The coins are minted at the four locations of the India Government Mint. The â‚ ¹1, â‚ ¹2, and â‚ ¹ 5 coins have been minted since independence. Coins minted with the â€Å"hand picture† were minted from 2005 onwards. Special coins[edit source | editbeta] After independence, the Government of India mint, minted coins imprinted with Indian statesmen, historical and religious figures. In year 2010 for the first time ever â‚ ¹75, â‚ ¹150 and â‚ ¹1000 coins were minted in India to commemorate Reserve Bank of India’s Platinum jubilee, 150th birth anniversary of Rabindra Nath Tagore and 1000 years of Brihadeeswarar Temple, respectively. ————————————————- Banknotes[edit source | editbeta] The design of banknotes is approved by the central government, on the recommendation of the central board of the Reserve Bank of India.[1] Currency notes are printed at the Currency Note Press in Nashik, the Bank Note Press in Dewas, the Bharatiya Note Mudra Nigam (P) presses at Salboni and Mysore and at the Watermark Paper Manufacturing Mill in Hoshangabad. The current series of banknotes (which began in 1996) is known as the Mahatma Gandhi series. Banknotes are issued in the denominations of â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹20, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1000. The printing of â‚ ¹5 notes (which had stopped earlier) resumed in 2009. ATMs usually distribute â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1,000 notes. The zero rupee note is not an official government issue, but a symbol of protest; it is printed (and distributed) by an NGO in India. British India[edit source | editbeta] British Indian ten rupee note British Indian one rupee note In 1861, the government of India introduced its first paper money: â‚ ¹10 notes in 1864, â‚ ¹5 notes in 1872, â‚ ¹10,000 notes in 1899, â‚ ¹100 notes in 1900, 50-rupee notes in 1905, 500-rupee notes in 1907 and 1000-rupee notes in  1909. In 1917, 1- and 21⠁„2-rupee notes were introduced. The Reserve Bank of India began banknote production in 1938, issuing â‚ ¹2, â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹1,000 and â‚ ¹10,000 notes while the government continued issuing â‚ ¹1 notes. Independent issues since 1949[edit source | editbeta] After independence, new designs were introduced to replace the portrait of the king. The government continued issuing the â‚ ¹1note, while the Reserve Bank issued other denominations (including the â‚ ¹5,000 and â‚ ¹10,000 notes introduced in 1949). During the 1970s, â‚ ¹20 and â‚ ¹50 notes were introduced; denominations higher than â‚ ¹100 were demonetised in 1978. In 1987 the 500-rupee note was introduced, followed by the â‚ ¹1,000 note in 2000. â‚ ¹1 and â‚ ¹2 notes were discontinued in 1995. In September 2009, the Reserve Bank of India decided to introduce polymer banknotes on a trial basis. Initially, 100 crore (1 billion) pieces of polymer â‚ ¹10 notes will be introduced.[19] According to Reserve Bank officials, the polymer notes will have an average lifespan of five years (four times that of paper banknotes) and will be difficult to counterfeit; they will also be cleaner than paper notes. Current banknotes[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Mahatma Gandhi Series (banknotes) Mahatma Gandhi series â‚ ¹1000 banknote with the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi The Mahatma Gandhi series of banknotes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India as legal tender. The series is so named because the obverse of each note features a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. Since its introduction in 1996, this series has replaced all issued banknotes. The RBI introduced the series in 1996 with â‚ ¹10 and â‚ ¹500 banknotes. At present, the RBI issues banknotes in denominations from â‚ ¹5 to â‚ ¹1,000. The printing of â‚ ¹5 notes (which had stopped earlier) resumed in 2009. As of January 2012, the new ‘â‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ sign has been incorporated into banknotes in denominations of â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹20, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1,000.[20][21][22][23] ————————————————- Languages[edit source | editbeta] Each banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in English and Hindi. On the reverse is a language  panel which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 official languages of India. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit,Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Denominations in various languages| Language| â‚ ¹1| â‚ ¹2| â‚ ¹5| â‚ ¹10| â‚ ¹20| â‚ ¹50| â‚ ¹100| â‚ ¹500| â‚ ¹1000| English| One rupee| Two rupees| Five rupees| Ten rupees| Twenty rupees| Fifty rupees| Hundred rupees| Five hundred rupees| One thousand rupees| Assamese| à ¦ Ã  ¦â€¢ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¦Ã  § Ã  ¦â€¡ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ Ã  ¦Å¡ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¦Ã  ¦ ¹ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¬Ã  ¦ ¿Ã  ¦â€º à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦Å¾Ã  § Ã  ¦Å¡Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ¶ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ Ã  ¦ ¶ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ Ã  ¦Å¡Ã  ¦ ¶ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ Ã  ¦â€¢ à ¦ ¹Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦Å"à ¦ ¾Ã  § ° à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| Bengali| à ¦ Ã  ¦â€¢ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¦Ã  § Ã  ¦â€¡ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ Ã  ¦Å¡ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¦Ã  ¦ ¶ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦â€¢Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¡Ã  ¦ ¼Ã  ¦ ¿ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦Å¾Ã  § Ã  ¦Å¡Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ¶ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ¶Ã  ¦ ¤ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ ªÃ  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ Ã  ¦Å¡Ã  ¦ ¶Ã  ¦ ¤ à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| à ¦ Ã  ¦â€¢ à ¦ ¹Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦Å"à ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ° à ¦Å¸Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾| Gujarati| à ª Ã  ªâ€¢ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  «â€¹| à ª ¬Ã  «â€¡ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª ªÃ  ª ¾Ã  ªâ€šÃ  ªÅ¡ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª ¦Ã  ª ¸ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª µÃ  «â‚¬Ã  ª ¸ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª ªÃ  ªÅ¡Ã  ª ¾Ã  ª ¸ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª ¸Ã  «â€¹ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª ªÃ  ª ¾Ã  ªâ€šÃ  ªÅ¡ à ª ¸Ã  «â€¹ à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| à ª Ã  ªâ€¢ à ª ¹Ã  ªÅ"à ª ¾Ã  ª ° à ª °Ã  «â€šÃ  ª ªÃ  ª ¿Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¾| Hindi| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¥â€¹ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ Ã  ¤Å¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ¬Ã  ¥â‚¬Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤Å¡ à ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¸Ã  ¥Å' à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤Å¡ à ¤ ¸Ã  ¥Å' à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¹Ã  ¤Å"à ¤ ¼Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| Nepali| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ¦Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤Ë† à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ Ã  ¤Å¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¶ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ¬Ã  ¥â‚¬Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ªÃ  ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¸Ã  ¤ ¯ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ Ã  ¤Å¡ à ¤ ¸Ã  ¤ ¯ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¹Ã  ¤Å"à ¤ ¼Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ | Kannada| à ²â€™Ã  ²â€šÃ  ² ¦Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³ Ã  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿| à ²Å½Ã  ² °Ã  ² ¡Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€ šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ² Ã  ² ¦Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ² ¹Ã  ² ¤Ã  ³ Ã  ² ¤Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ²â€¡Ã  ² ªÃ  ³ Ã  ² ªÃ  ² ¤Ã  ³ Ã  ² ¤Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ² Ã  ² µÃ  ² ¤Ã  ³ Ã  ² ¤Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ² ¨Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² °Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ² Ã  ² ¨Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² °Ã  ³  à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | à ²â€™Ã  ²â€šÃ  ² ¦Ã  ³  à ² ¸Ã  ² ¾Ã  ² µÃ  ² ¿Ã  ² ° à ² °Ã  ³â€šÃ  ² ªÃ  ² ¾Ã  ² ¯Ã  ² ¿Ã  ²â€"à ² ³Ã  ³ | Konkani| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¥â€¹Ã  ¤ ¨ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤Å¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ §Ã  ¤ ¾ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ µÃ  ¥â‚¬Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¨Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¤ ¾ à ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ¶Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤ ­Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ ¶Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤â€š à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¹Ã  ¤Å"à ¤ ¼Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| Malayalam| à ´â€™Ã  ´ °Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´ °Ã  ´ £Ã  µ Ã  ´Å¸Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´â€¦Ã  ´Å¾Ã  µ Ã  ´Å¡Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´ ªÃ  ´ ¤Ã  µ Ã  ´ ¤Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´â€¡Ã  ´ °Ã  µ Ã  ´ ªÃ  ´ ¤Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´â€¦Ã  µ »Ã  ´ ªÃ  ´ ¤Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´ ¨Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ±Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´â€¦Ã  ´Å¾Ã  µ Ã  ´Å¾Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ±Ã  µ  à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| à ´â€ Ã  ´ ¯Ã  ´ ¿Ã  ´ °Ã  ´â€š à ´ °Ã  µâ€šÃ  ´ ª| Marathi| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¥â€¹Ã  ¤ ¨ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤Å¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¹Ã  ¤ ¾ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ µÃ  ¥â‚¬Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¨Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¨Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¸ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ¶Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤ ­Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ ¶Ã  ¥â€¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ ¹Ã  ¤Å"à ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ °Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¡| Sanskrit| à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ®Ã  ¥ | à ¤ ¦Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ µÃ  ¥â€¡ à ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¥â€¡| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤Å¾Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ £Ã  ¤ ¿| à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¶Ã  ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ £Ã  ¤ ¿| à ¤ µÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤ ¶Ã  ¤ ¤Ã  ¥â‚¬ à ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ £Ã  ¤ ¿| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤Å¾Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¶Ã  ¤ ¤Ã  ¥  à ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ £Ã  ¤ ¿| à ¤ ¶Ã  ¤ ¤Ã  ¤â€š à ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ £Ã  ¤ ¿| à ¤ ªÃ  ¤Å¾Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ ¶Ã  ¤ ¤Ã  ¤â€š à ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ £Ã  ¤ ¿| à ¤ ¸Ã  ¤ ¹Ã  ¤ ¸Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ °Ã  ¤â€š à ¤ °Ã  ¥â€šÃ  ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ £Ã  ¤ ¿| Kashmiri| | | | | | | | | -| Tamil| à ®â€™Ã  ® °Ã  ¯  à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯ | à ®â€¡Ã  ® °Ã  ® £Ã  ¯ Ã  ®Å¸Ã  ¯  à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯ | à ® Ã  ® ¨Ã  ¯ Ã  ® ¤Ã  ¯  à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯ | à ® ªÃ  ® ¤Ã  ¯ Ã  ® ¤Ã  ¯  à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯ | à ®â€¡Ã  ® °Ã  ¯ Ã  ® ªÃ  ® ¤Ã  ¯  à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯ | à ® Ã  ® ®Ã  ¯ Ã  ® ªÃ  ® ¤Ã  ¯  à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯ | à ® ¨Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ±Ã  ¯  à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯ | à ® Ã  ® ¨Ã  ¯ Ã  ® ¨Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ±Ã  ¯  à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯ | à ®â€ Ã  ® ¯Ã  ® ¿Ã  ® °Ã  ® ®Ã  ¯  à ® °Ã  ¯â€šÃ  ® ªÃ  ® ¾Ã  ® ¯Ã  ¯ | Telugu| à °â€™Ã  °â€¢ à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ¿| à ° °Ã  ±â€ Ã  °â€šÃ  ° ¡Ã  ±  à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ²Ã  ± | à ° Ã  ° ¦Ã  ±  à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ²Ã  ± | à ° ªÃ  ° ¦Ã  ° ¿ à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ²Ã  ± | à °â€¡Ã  ° °Ã  ° µÃ  ±Ë† à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ²Ã  ±  | à ° ¯Ã  ° ¾Ã  ° ­Ã  ±Ë† à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ²Ã  ± | à ° ¨Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° °Ã  ±  à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ²Ã  ± | à ° Ã  ° ¦Ã  ± Ã  ° µÃ  °â€šÃ  ° ¦Ã  ° ² à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ²Ã  ± | à ° µÃ  ±â€ Ã  ° ¯Ã  ± Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ¿ à ° °Ã  ±â€šÃ  ° ªÃ  ° ¾Ã  ° ¯Ã  ° ²Ã  ± | Punjabi| à ¨â€¡Ã  ¨â€¢ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ ¦Ã  ©â€¹ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ ªÃ  © °Ã  ¨Å" à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ ¦Ã  ¨ ¸ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ µÃ  ©â‚¬Ã  ¨ ¹ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ ªÃ  © °Ã  ¨Å"à ¨ ¾Ã  ¨ ¹ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨â€¡Ã  ¨â€¢ à ¨ ¸Ã  ©â€¹ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨ ªÃ  © °Ã  ¨Å" à ¨ ¸Ã  ©â€¹ à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | à ¨â€¡Ã  ¨â€¢ à ¨ ¹Ã  ¨Å"à ¨ ¾Ã  ¨ ° à ¨ °Ã  © Ã  ¨ ªÃ  ¨ | Urdu| Ø §Ã›Å'Ú © Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›Å'Û | Ø ¯Ã™Ë† Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ù ¾Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ãšâ€  Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ø ¯Ã˜ ³ Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ø ¨Ã›Å'Ø ³ Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ù ¾Ãšâ€ Ã˜ §Ã˜ ³ Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ø §Ã›Å'Ú © Ø ³Ã™Ë† Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ù ¾Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ãšâ€  Ø ³Ã™Ë† Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Ø §Ã›Å'Ú © Û Ã˜ ²Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ±Ã™Ë†Ã™ ¾Ã›â€™| Oriya| à ­ § à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ ¨ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ « à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ §0 à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ ¨Ã  ­ ¦ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ «Ã  ­ ¦ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ §Ã  ­ ¦Ã  ­ ¦ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ «Ã  ­ ¦Ã  ­ ¦ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| à ­ §Ã  ­ ¦Ã  ­ ¦Ã  ­ ¦ à ¬Å¸Ã  ¬â„¢Ã  ­ Ã  ¬â€¢Ã  ¬ ¾| ————————————————- Minting[edit source | editbeta] A postcard depicting the Mint. The Government of India has the only right to mint the coins. The responsibility for coinage comes under the Coinage Act, 1906 which is amended from time to time. The designing and minting of coins in various denominations is also the responsibility of the Government of India. Coins are minted at the five India Government Mints at Mumbai, Alipore(Kolkata), Saifabad(Hyderabad), Cherlapally (Hyderabad) and NOIDA (UP).[24] The coins are issued for circulation only through the Reserve Bank in terms of the RBI Act. ————————————————- Security features[edit source | editbeta] The main security features of current banknotes are: * Watermark – White side panel of notes has Mahatma Gandhi watermark. * Security thread – All notes have a silver or green security band with inscriptions (visible when held against light) of Bharat in Hindi and â€Å"RBI† in English. * Latent image – On notes of denominations of â‚ ¹20 and upwards, a vertical band on the right side of the Mahatma Gandhi’s portrait contains a latent image showing the respective denominational value numerally (visible only when the note is held horizontally at eye level). * Microlettering – Numeral denominational value is visible under magnifying glass between security thread and latent image. * Intaglio – On notes with denominations of â‚ ¹5 and upwards the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi, the Reserve Bank seal, guarantee and promise clause, Ashoka Pillar Emblem on the left and the RBI Governor’s signature are printed in intaglio (raised print). * Identification mark – On the left of the watermark window,  different shapes are printed for various denominations â‚ ¹20: vertical rectangle, â‚ ¹50: square, â‚ ¹100: triangle, â‚ ¹500: circle, â‚ ¹1,000: diamond). This also helps the visually impaired to identify the denomination. * Fluorescence – Number panels glow under ultraviolet light. * Optically variable ink – Notes of â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1,000 denominations have their numerals printed in optically variable ink. The number appears green when the note is held flat, but changes to blue when viewed at an angle. * See-through register – Floral designs printed on the front and the back of the note coincide and perfectly overlap each other when viewed against light. * EURion constellation – A pattern of symbols found on the banknote helps software detect the presence of a banknote in a digital image, preventing its reproduction with devices such as colour photocopiers. ——————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Convertibility[edit source | editbeta] Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[25][26]| Rank| Currency| ISO 4217 code (Symbol)| % daily share (April 2010)| 1|  United States dollar| USD ($)| 84.9%| 2|  Euro| EUR (â‚ ¬)| 39.1%| 3|  Japanese yen| JPY ( ¥)| 19.0%| 4|  Pound sterling| GBP ( £)| 12.9%| 5|  Australian dollar| AUD ($)| 7.6%| 6|  Swiss franc| CHF (Fr)| 6.4%| 7|  Canadian dollar| CAD ($)| 5.3%| 8|  Hong Kong dollar| HKD ($)| 2.4%| 9|  Swedish krona| SEK (kr)| 2.2%| 10|  New Zealand dollar| NZD ($)| 1.6%| 11|  Singapore dollar| SGD ($)| 1.5%| 12|  South Korean won| KRW (â‚ ©)| 1.5%| 13|  Norwegian krone| NOK (kr)| 1.3%| 14|  Mexican peso| MXN ($)| 1.3%| 15|  Indian rupee| INR ()| 0.9%| Other| 12.2%| Total[27]| 200%| Officially, the Indian rupee has a market-determined exchange rate. However, the RBI trades actively in the USD/INR currency market to impact effective exchange rates. Thus, the currency regime in place for the Indian rupee with respect to the US dollaris a de facto controlled exchange rate. This is sometimes called a â€Å"managed float†. Other rates (such as the EUR/INR and INR/JPY) have the volatility typical of floating exchange rates, and often create persistant arbitrage opportunities against the RBI.[28] Unlike China, successive administrations (through RBI, the central bank) have not followed a policy of pegging the INR to a specific foreign currency at a particular exchange rate. RBI intervention in currency markets is solely to ensure low volatility in exchange rates, and not to influence the rate (or direction) of the Indian rupee in relation to other currencies.[29] Also affecting convertibility is a series of customs regulations restricting the import and export of rupees. Legally, foreign nationals are forbidden from importing or exporting rupees; Indian nationals can import and export only up to â‚ ¹7,500 at a time, and the possession of â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1,000 rupee notes in Nepal is prohibited [30][31] RBI also exercises a system of capital controls in addition to intervention (through active trading) in currency markets. On the current account, there are no currency-conversion restrictions hindering buying or selling foreign exchange (although trade barriers exist). On the capital account, foreign institutional investors have convertibility to bring money into and out of the country and buy securities (subject to quantitative restrictions). Lo cal firms are able to take capital out of the country in order to expand globally. However, local households are restricted in their ability to diversify globally. Because of the expansion of the current and capital accounts, India is increasingly moving towards full de facto convertibility. There is some confusion regarding the interchange of the currency with gold, but the system that India follows is that money cannot be exchanged for gold under any circumstances due to gold’s lack of liquidity;[citation needed] therefore, money cannot be changed into gold by the RBI. India follows the same principle as Great Britain and the U.S. Reserve Bank of India clarifies its position regarding the promissory clause printed on each banknote: â€Å"As per Section 26 of  Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the Bank is liable to pay the value of banknote. This is payable on demand by RBI, being the issuer. The Bank’s obligation to pay the value of banknote does not arise out of a contract but out of statutory provisions.The promissory clause printed on the banknotes i.e., â€Å"I promise to pay the bearer an amount of X† is a statement which means that the banknote is a legal tender for X amount. The obligation on the part of the Bank is to exchange a banknote for coins of an equivalent amount.† [32] Chronology[edit source | editbeta] * 1991 – India began to lift restrictions on its currency. A number of reforms remove restrictions on current account transactions (including trade, interest payments and remittances and some capital asset-based transactions). Liberalised Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS) (a dual-exchange-rate system) introduced partial convertibility of the rupee in March 1992.[33] * 1997 – A panel (set up to explore capital account convertibility) recommended that India move towards full convertibility by 2000, but the timetable was abandoned in the wake of the 1997–1998East Asian financial crisis. * 2006 – Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asked the Finance Minister and the Reserve Bank of India to prepare a road map for moving towards capital account convertibility.[34] ————————————————- Exchange rates[edit source | editbeta] Historic exchange rates[edit source | editbeta] Graph of exchange rates of Indian rupee (INR) per 1 USD, 1 GBP, 1 EUR, 100 JPY averaged over the month, from September 1998 to May 2013. Data source: Reserve Bank of India reference rate For almost a century since the Great Recoinage of 1816 until the outbreak of World War I, the Indian Rupee sustained parity with the US Dollar while pegged to the Pound Sterling that was exchanged at 4.80 (or 50 old pence per Rupee). Thereafter, both the Rupee and the Sterling gradually declined in worth against the US Dollar due to deficits in trade, capital and budget. In 1966, the Rupee was devalued and pegged to the US Dollar. The peg to the pound was at INR 13.33 to a Pound which itself was pegged to USD 4.03. That means officially speaking  the USD to INR rate would be closer to Rs 4. In 1966, India changed the peg to dollar at INR 7.50.[35] Indian rupees per currency unit averaged over the year[36]| Currency| code| 1996| 2000| 2004| 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2013| U.S. dollar| USD| 35.44 4| 44.2| 45.340| 43.954| 39.5| 48.76112| 45.3354| 58| 68.80| Canadian dollar| CAD| 26.002| 30.283| 34.914| 41.098| 42.92026| 44.5915| 52.1706| | | Euro*| EUR| 44.401| 41.525| 56.385| 64.127| 68.03312| 60.5973| 65.6987| | | Pound sterling| GBP| 55.389| 68.119| 83.064| 80.633| 76.38023| 71.3313| 83.6329| | | Swiss franc| CHF| 28| | | | | | | | 50| Singapore dollar| SGD| 25.160| 26.07| 26.830| 30.932| 33.60388| 34.5127| 41.2737| | | *before 1 Jan 1999, European Currency Unit,| Banknotes and coins in circulation[edit source | editbeta] As of 2012 banknotes of the denominations of â‚ ¹5, â‚ ¹10, â‚ ¹20, â‚ ¹50, â‚ ¹100, â‚ ¹500 and â‚ ¹1000 are in circulation; coins with face-value of 50 paisa, â‚ ¹1, â‚ ¹2, â‚ ¹5 and â‚ ¹10 rupees. This is excluding the commemorative coins minted for special occasions.

A Story Of An Hour Feelings Essay

A Story Of An Hour: Feelingss Essay, Research Paper A Story of An Hour: Feelingss In the short narrative? A Story of An Hour? by Kate Chopin, the whole scope of emotions are felt by the chief charter Louise Mallard. Upon acquisition of her hubby # 8217 ; s decease she is instantly overcome by unhappiness. However, one time she is entirely she allows herself to see her feelings of joy at the chance of being free from? repression. # 8221 ; She is no more able to staff off the feeling that was nearing her than seeking to halt the moving ridges from hitting the shore. Basically stated we are powerless over our feelings. First, one can province that no affair how difficult we try we can non maintain a experiencing from coming over us. Louises # 8217 ; feelings come from deep within her psyche. Physical exhaustion followed her first storm of heartache. At first she did non cognize what was coming to her. She could non even give it a name. When she started to acknowledge it, she was seeking to crush it back with sheer will power. Merely to happen that will power is no lucifer for the entire encompassing of feelings. Once she had abandoned herself the word? free? had escaped from her lips. She did non intentionally want it but it had come anyhow. Unmistakably, a joy over took her. Not that she would non be sad once more, but for now she was like a bird allow out of the degree Celsius age. Mrs. Mallard was a good illustration of Shakespeare # 8217 ; s line? To Thine ain ego be true. # 8221 ; She did non let guilt to rise up it # 8217 ; s ugly head but alternatively merely felt her feelings. She allowed no 1 to witness her self averment. But, it was the strongest urge of her being. As she was projecting spring and summer yearss to come, a feeling that her life would be her ain once more gave her a contentment that she had non felt in a long clip. No 1 really knew what Mrs. Mallard had experienced behind her closed door. Although, the human bosom was meant to cover with that much hurting, joy and letdown in one twenty-four hours neer mind one hr. To her sister ( Josephine ) it would look that she died of joy when she saw her partner was non dead. The truth was buried with Louise. Tragically, what seemed to be great joy was a heartache felt for her freedom that had been so short lived. Concluding, the roller coaster of emotions was to extreme for Louises # 8217 ; delicate bosom to bear, go forthing her no pick but to decease with her secret. It # 8217 ; s a fact that people are governed by their emotions. Trying to command them has neer been something that the human race has been able to carry through. God gave us a free-will. Therefore, we are non powerless over our actions, nevertheless, feelings sneak in to our psyche without being asked.

Impact of financial crysis into international economy Essay

Impact of financial crysis into international economy - Essay Example In addition, there is a global credit crunch that has paralyzed economic development in the third world countries as well as slowing down the economic growth rates of the developed countries. Furthermore, both the first and third world countries have reported an increase in the rate of unemployment and poverty. There has also been a nosedive in exports, investment and asset markets (Healy and Palepu 13). Therefore, with the aim of studying the impact of financial crisis into international economy this article will outline its causes, consequences and the impact of the credit crunch. CAUSES OF THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS (GFC) According to most economists, the current economic crunch is the worst kind of financial crisis that the world has faced so far since the Great Depression of the 1930s (BWND ch. 1).. The root cause of the credit crunch is related to the development of the US housing bubble that rapidly occurred between 2005 and 2006. This resulted to an increase in the number of default rates of the adjustable rate mortgages (ARM) and subprime (Calomiris 6-52). This is because the banking institutions were willing and readily gave out loans to investors to purchase real estate property. Investors were encouraged to apply for high loans believing that they would settle them within a short time (BWND ch. 3). Investors applied for loans with ignorance of the interest rates. In fact, investors could easily access a plethora of loans including credit card, mortgage and auto which lured them to apply for the loans without considering the unprecedented load that would be caused by the debt. There were also a myriad of financial agreements including collateralized debt obligations (CDO) and mortgage-backed securities (MBS) which stipulated a more friendly strategy for settling the debt (Salmon ch. 5). This was a marketing strategy that encouraged investors from all over the world to venture in the US housing market. Moreover, the US federal bureau had monitored th e interest rates since 1982 to ensure they were steadily decreasing. The easy access to foreign funds encouraged investors to undertake the loans for fuelling the housing construction projects (Healy and Palepu 13). Come the year 2007, interest rates increased with an outrageous margin resulting to a decrease in the housing prices. Conversely, most investors were adversely affected since raising money became increasingly difficult. Within a short time there was an increase in the number of foreclosed real estate properties. Also most of the global financial institutions that had invested heavily on the financial agreements incurred huge losses. This led to the erosion of financial strength for banking institutions. As a result there was a worldwide drain of wealth which led to an increase in poverty levels. In addition, there were an increased number of loan defaulters and not only in the housing sector but also in other economic sectors resulting to unbearable losses that cost the globe trillions of dollars (Calomiris 6-52). Another factor that resulted to the growth of the credit crunch is the financialization process. The US credit and housing bubble rapidly expanded the international financial stability until it became fragile and susceptible to a wide array of risks. This is because financial institu

Team building and small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Team building and small business - Essay Example The present study would focus on the concept of team building. Team building and self directed workers within the business industry have penetrated over the years. Many businesses around the world are incorporating the issue of team building their business development. The philosophy behind team work suggests that business managers mash workers into groups that work cohesively in order to achieve business objectives. If team members are not to be cohesive they will fail to work and lessen business activities, and a non productive team fails to bring benefits to the organization and can easily lead to the collapse of business. It is for that reason; that managers are accountable for all factors that ensure that the teams are well managed for effective business production. Successful business managers know that building a team spirit is the core for small business development. Team building is based on the daily routines that occur within the small business. Good business team just doe s not occur on their own they are built by business managers. The notion of building and growing a well structured team is critical to the ongoing survival of a small business. This means that the process of coming up with a strong team that can work positively towards achieving the business objectives, leads to development of small business. For the business managers, to develop a good team they have to consider performance of each individual as they work to achieve business objectives.... Secondly balancing short term results against long term capabilities, and growth opportunities, third balance performance expectations, and lastly balancing the motives of human behavior. Small business Sustaining business development means adopting business strategies and activities than the need to meet the attainments of the business, and all its stake holders which lead to sustaining and enhancing the resources that will be needed in the future. Research studies show that successful business managers do share certain character traits (Stokes, 2006). These character traits do help them take control of their small business, and to ensure that these businesses flourish with a lot of success. These small business managers apply different marketing strategies to ensure that they get the target market for their goods. For them to achieve a better marketing strategy they need to plan and set target goals after which they implement the planned strategy (Fuller, 2006). For these to take p lace successfully the small business thus requires a well built growing team that is critical to the ongoing process of the small business, therefore, this paper evaluates the statements that building and growing a well structured team is critical to the ongoing survival of a small business Small business face numerous challenges due to in effective management making the business not to fit in the difficult challenging markets and cope with the growth patterns in the market. These challenges are normally influenced by the following challenges (Wickhalm 2006). Inadequate accounting systems Poor location Lack of marketing skills Lack of a capital budget Inadequate provision for contingencies Lack of management skills Excessive inventory Incompetence

Fuzzy Logic system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fuzzy Logic system - Essay Example The results of the analysis for different input and output conditions are compared and finally the best conditions are derived for the best performance of the machine. The given control system is a manufacturing machinery whose reliability can be analysed through the performance of three parts namely part A, part B and part C present in that machine. In order to diagnose faults in the components there are three sensors associated with them namely sensor 1, sensor 2 and sensor 3. A fault in any one of the three components may require either a cheap or expensive repair. The recovery time, the time that it takes the machine to return to full working order after repair, is either quick or slow or takes an intermediate amount of time. The output values of the sensors are to be controlled in a specific manner to evaluate the condition on the three parts on a scale 0 ( representing good condition – okay ) to 1( representing faulty condition). The given machinery can be represented and analysed using the Fuzzy Logic Tool Box available in MATLAB. Fuzzy logic starts with the concept of a fuzzy set. A fuzzy set is a set without a crisp, clearly defined boundary. It can contain elements with only a partial degree of membership. For the given system fuzzy variables are defined for each sensor and each part. The fuzzy variables for each sensor contain three equally sized, linear shaped, overlapping fuzzy sets comprising high, medium and low. The fuzzy variable for each machine part also contains three equally sized, linear shaped, overlapping fuzzy sets comprising of faulty, unreliable and okay. To construct the default system, the Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System in MATLAB GUI has been used. Mamdanis method was among the first control systems built using fuzzy set theory. It was proposed in 1975 by Ebrahim Mamdani (Sabeghi and Naghibzadeh , 2006,). In the FIS editor the default methods for AND , OR, implication, aggregation and defuzzification have been used. Three

Social Media Users in Finland and Poland Assignment

Social Media Users in Finland and Poland - Assignment Example In July 2012, during the 16 International Christian Internet Congress staged in Munich, the attending church representatives unanimously agreed there was need for Christian organizations to boost their internet connective and interaction through social media. The outcome of the Munich conference was later discussed by Christian leaders in Finland in their annual meeting. Although only 35% of Finnish Christians use Facebook and other social sites, churches had lost more forty thousand faithful in less than four months. This served as an indication of how important social media are in wooing loyalist including fundamentalist. Churches therefore saw the need to retain their flocks by going socially online. It is from then that religious institutions adjusted their marketing strategy. Churches went ahead to appoint a team of delegates to investigate the role of social media in the modern society and also respond onslaught of social media criticisms. Instead, churches in Finland and the r est of Europe proposed new ways of positively using social media to preach the gospel and win new converts. Churches therefore launched an interactive social websites where their followers can post comments, videos, blogs, and pictures which would encourage other website followers. However, because of increasing cases of hacking, churches were forced to deploy experts and administrators to manage and integrate their sites (Scott, & Scott, 2011, p.63-4). The increasing use of online and digital communication technologies.... From political, corporate, to religious, all the organizations currently embrace social networks or media. Churches across Finland and Poland were surveyed on their how active to they use social media as a marketing base. The result polled by Buzzplant marketing agency revealed that these institutions often used social media to popularize themselves. Even millennium old institutions were found to have joined social network train. The survey covered about 250 churches in Finland on their position towards social media. Surprisingly, the finding of the survey established that religious institutions strongly believed on the effectiveness of social media form of outreach (Scott, 2010, p.89). Over forty six percent of the respondents indicated their preference of social media as an effective way of reaching out to their followers with only 25% of them preferring knocking on the door, and 6% indicating that TV is a better way of gaining numbers. Similar to Poland, Facebook and twitter were the most popular social networks for a large number of religious followers. This was evidence by the frequency at which these churches updated their Facebook or twitter pages on a daily account (Armfield, & Holbert, 2003, p.129). In July 2012, during the 16 International Christian Internet Congress staged in Munich, the attending church representatives unanimously agreed there was need for Christian organizations to boost their internet connective and interaction through social media. The outcome of the Munich conference was later discussed by Christian leaders in Finland in their annual meeting. Although only 35% of Finnish Christians use Facebook and other social sites, churches had lost more forty thousand faithful in less than four months. This served as an indication of how

Mexican-American War (i would prefer either domestic or personal level Essay

Mexican-American War (i would prefer either domestic or personal level of analysis ) - Essay Example As such, the move undermined the Mexican population. The master plan focused on the region occupied by the freehold and yeoman farmers. The eventual impact ignited a political hiccup associated to slavery and inhuman practices. Although other levels of analysis can be applied, I believe that the Mexican American war is best explained through a domestic level of analysis. In the year 1898, a conflict between Spain and the United States of America ignited an armed battle between the two countries. Americans managed to gain access into the Latin America, as well as the Western Pacific, by the end of the war. The events resulted in a great territorial expansion from the American authority. The military involvement in the war signified a historical event. As such, America’s image portrayed a self-centered institution operating on self-interest. Additionally, the events attracted the world’s attention as the media documented the details of the entire war. America advanced about 525,000 square miles into the Mexican territory. The incident led to the signing of a treaty agreement that marked the end of the war. The treaty signing redefined American from a national state to a transcontinental state. As such, both parties engaged in diplomatic settlement scheme to end the war. Other documentation of the treaty revealed the onset of colonialism. The colonialism feature paved way for a commercial assumption and resource expropriation (Lynn, 2013). The impact of colonialism in Mexico resulted in obdurate legal disputes over the vast land. These occasions prompted the advent of different theories to explain the superiority of the involved states. Significant changes defined other perceptions of the colonialism. The onset of communication advancement, development of the transport industry resulted in national pride. The Mexicans believed that the American move served a divine ordination in the vast Mexico territory. The Mexican-American war served as an indicator

Critically evaluate which theoretical approach in International Essay

Critically evaluate which theoretical approach in International Political Economy best explains the nature of power in the inter - Essay Example Governments have to relate with other government. Governments must also consider the non state actors if they are to have an impact in the trade and policies. Some states are influenced by liberal theories. Trade must be having some duty and tariffs. These tariffs are sources of government revenues. Mercantilists’ theory has also been instrumental in the International Political Economy. Liberalisms dates back to the revolutions in the 18th century. The mercantilist financial arrangement developed into free enterprise. They were initially termed as centrists believed there should be little state intervention in the economy. According to the liberal economic theory, states were discouraged to minimize intervention in the economy. The theory advocated for free market and believed that internal markets should have negligible intervention from the state. The theory suggested that tariffs should not be used to prevent competition between countries (Eatwell & Wright). According to Co mfort, the initial liberal market theory advocated for a free market approach and was referred to as left wing or centrist in terms of outlook (Agh 1998). The liberal theory was enshrined on the premise that people can acquire wealth and property whenever they want. The basis was that freedom in culture and belief was influential in developing capital and gaining property. According to Wright, states, individuals and businesses were encouraged to freely gain capital under the liberal theory. The classical liberal approach suggested that free market should come up with system of setting the process of goods and services. The theory set currency exchanges and wages and resources. The move depended on sheer optimism in the free market (Smith 2003). However, it became clear that fluctuations in the free market have caused serious consequences politically and economically. This has resulted in unemployment and poverty. This has made international competition hard. Governments have attemp ted to deal with this challenge by establishing strict tariffs on goods. Governments have attempted to set up welfare or subsidizing businesses and industries. According to Harvey, tariffs and restricting trade were the foundation and reasoning behind the capitalist premise. The theory suggests that the government should be involved in restricting trade and controlling the flow of goods and services. The government does this in an attempt to reduce the challenges that are created by international competition (Ambrose & Brinkley 1997). The government believes that the use of tariffs shields the populace from international trade aggression and becomes a dominant source of revenue. During the 19th century, the theory of broadmindedness was the popular in IPE. Britain dominated the global trade by lifting restrictions. This facilitated Britain’s spread in the international trade arena (Smith 2003). The liberal theory of the power of international political economy seemed unassail able. According to research, the economic elites in many developing countries had no reservations in playing subordinates because they made profits in the process. Nonetheless, steps were made to start restricting trade. The initial moves came from the United States of America and Germany. The United Kingdom started to doubt the free market venture. After the First World War, the prominence of the liberal theory appeared to decline in the sphere of international

Recommendation letters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recommendation letters - Essay Example ally appears to become more calm and more patient as stress escalates or conflicts emerge, making him an extremely valuable lead team member who can inspire excellent performance, ensure accountability, and build bridges even under duress. In short, I would consider any company very lucky to have X join the team, as he is virtually a shoo-in for creating the atmosphere and structure necessary to bring in a successful project. Mark’s qualities and work ethic underpin success. I would highly recommend Mark in any project that involves complexity, tough time constraints, or high quality requirements. I was involved in several projects with X. First, a large long term project with a huge development team that was very difficult to implement. Second, a short term project that had huge direct impact on my organization. Both were completed too a very high standard by X and both were on-time. Specifically, the second one was wildly successful and instrumental to my organization. 9. Someone I would go to to understand the real issues I needed to be aware of concerning functional impact to my organization or understanding how to go about integrating a solution to existing

Renaissance Medicine and Medical Practices Essay Example for Free

Renaissance Medicine and Medical Practices Essay In the beginning of the Elizabethan Era medicine was the beginning of advancements. During the Renaissance, disease was a big problem. Medicine was not as advanced as it is today, but being discovered from witchcraft and superstitions, to cures for the sick. Medicine was not advanced then so the citizens looked for cure from the witches and their beliefs just led them to their deaths. Religious citizens prayed, or consumed blood from someone else as they believed to contain the soul of the deceased. â€Å". octors sought for explanations [for illnesses] in the stars rather than in the blood stream and preferred magical to clinical experiment. † (Netzley 70). They believed the illness or sickness was spiritual rather than from the body. Superstitions were a big thing in this era. Black Death a plague that spread in Florence in 1348 was believed to be punishment from God. As medicine was being discovered the new knowledge was slowly being accepted by the citizens. Medicine discovered by the Europeans was not as accurate though. As time passed, medicine was then based on Aristotle ideas; on four humors in the body. They are blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile; which determine the imbalance and were thought to be related to their personality. Leonardo Da Vinci had sketched accurate anatomies at which influenced medicine studies. that his ideas were familiar to the scientific environment in which he found himself, the likelihood is that Leonardos thoughts was important landmark in the development of scientific ideas, (Walker 94). Eventually the Hippocrates studies were discovered, they had lived in B. C. era. Their studies were used for comparison at which proved their discoveries and solutions wrong and the Hippocrates were very accurate as they had sketched the structures and their thoughts on how the human body functioned which led them to new discoveries. There were many medical practices that were believed to cure the person and in contrary some made them more sick or led them to death, Bloodletting was a popular practice done at which they would cut the patients artery on their arm or sometimes both arms, and were bled until they felt drowsy which was consider to be when the felt better. This practice sometimes was done too often the patient would simply die of lack of blood supply. The medical practice of the four humors determined imbalance in patients. In order to diagnose the doctors would check patient’s pulse and urine; looking as color and smell. The remedy or are used where herbs and spices. Spices were believed to balance the humors rated on a scale from hotness, coldness and wetness. Renaissance doctors . . . . . followed the traditional herbal medicine practiced throughout the Middle Ages† (Walker 96). Most common used herb was the theriac for medicinal recipes, an antidote for poison. Cinnamon and pepper were two spices commonly used and were rated hottest. Surgeries were not very popular and were rarely ever done, in small towns the barbers will be the surgeon as they couldn’t afford to pay a qualified doctor. Medicine advanced through the years till today, but the Renaissance era seemed to be the discovery of new medicine that help cure the sick. Never less did they learn more about the human and animal body but discovered diseases and several cures for them.

Same Sex Marriage Essay Example for Free

Same Sex Marriage Essay Same sex marriage is a legally or socially recognized marriage between two people of the same biological sex or social gender. This topic is an issue in marriages and families today because there has been an ongoing debate, arguments and so much confusion involved with same sex marriage for a very long time. There are many reasons that are given as to why same sex marriages should be discouraged. Some of these include; others feeling that marriage is an institution between one man and one woman while others feel that this type of marriage is not a good environment to raise kids. Same sex marriage affects almost everybody, some people are unhappy while others are happy with lots of confusion that needs to be cleared and at the same time other people are dying due to the choices that they make. If one decides to go for same sex marriage, they are either shunned by family, friends and the society. Others might be beaten to death or even tortured. In other gay marriages, I feel that the children in the families might be going through a hard time in trying to fit in. Children have a hard time in school which might lead to more issues with the children and trying to fix the situation. In this course, one learns ways and means of dealing with all these issues and they can be in a better position to avoid some of them. Through this paper, I intend to explain the benefits of same sex marriage to those that are in this type of marriage and why it is essential to them; the children in these types of marriages and their living situations and at the same time, I will include some of the reasons why a lot of people are so much against this idea. Same sex marriage is one of the biggest debates that has been going on for a very long time since people can never come to a consensus about this whole issue with lots of different Same sex marriage3 reasons. People feel that churches would be forced to marry gay people against their will. If gay marriage is legalized, homosexuality would be promoted in the public schools. The 2000 United States Census revealed 594,000 same-sex couples nationwide, with 46,490 in New York alone figures that may undercount the true number of couples by as much as 62 percent. There’s a gay baby boom accelerating over the past decade, 34.3 percent of female same-sex households and 22.3 percent of male households have children nationwide (the figures for New York are 34.3 percent and 21.7 percent, respectively). These rates are not that much below the national rate for married opposite-sex couples of 45.6 percent and of unmarried opposite-sex couples of 43.1 percent. Using reasonable estimates, this would suggest around 400,000 children being raised by same-sex couples nationwide, and 31,000 in New York. Same sex marriage should not be encouraged because there’s so much controversy involved around it. There are different reasons given for the benefits for those in the same sex marriage. (www.religioustolerance.org) Examples include; the financial security, dignity respect and the equal rights. Denying one group the right to marry has many adverse emotional and financial consequences. Examples of these are Social Security, Medicare, medical leave, and other benefits; property inheritance; the right to visit their spouse in hospital, and make medical decisions if they are incapacitated; security of the couple and of their children. In todays economic environment, it often takes two incomes to live. A married couple shares rent, utilities, and other bills, which are often difficult for one person to take on alone. This is especially truly if a dependent person is involved such as a child. In addition, a married couple can often financially support each other when times get tough, such as when one of the two is out of work. The other can continue to pay the bills until the unemployed person gets back on his/her feet. Same sex marriage4 As for the equal rights, denying marriage to same-sex couples removes from one group a fundamental, important human right which is the right to marry the person that one loves and to whom one has made a commitment. That is unfair and unjust in a democracy. At the same time, The institution of marriage conveys dignity and respect towards a couple that make a lifetime commitment to support each other. â€Å"Same-sex couples deserve this dignity and respect. Another benefit is that it encourages people to have strong family values and give up high-risk sexual lifestyles. One of the main arguments against gay marriage is that it would further erode family values; however, the opposite is true. www.balancedpolitics.org. The problems related to sexuality in our society such as STDs stem from carefree, frivolous lifestyles; in other words, having frequent, unprotected sex with many partners. Marriage encourages people to settle down and to give up that type of lifestyle. Married people commit themselves to one partner and work to build a life together. Isnt that the type of behavior we want to encourage? (The marriage and family experience Bryan strong Pgs. 368-369); talks about the children in the same sex marriage. Aware of the social stigma and lack of support, gay and lesbian families face, there may be a tendency to minimize differences in the children’s behavior. In so doing, some differences that might be strengths of gay and lesbian families may go under-emphasized. According to (www.religioustolerance.org); those opposed to same-sex marriage (SSM) often point to studies which show that children raised in families headed by a father and mother fare much better, both in childhood and later as adults. But further examination shows that most of these studies are not applicable here, because they compare families with opposite-sex parents to single-parent families, not with those headed by same-sex parents. Of course, many perhaps most children in single-parent families will be disadvantaged because of Same sex marriage5 poverty and the lack of a second parent to give the children more care and attention than one parent can provide. Those who advocate same-sex marriage often point to studies which show that children raised in two-parent families do well, regardless of whether the parents are of the same sex or opposite sex. But most of these studies are deeply flawed because: They involve self-selected subjects, and/or, they do not study families over a sufficiently long interval, and/or they demonstrate bias on the part of the researchers. Children raised in families led by same-sex parents would be continually exposed to homosexuality. They may choose to become gay or lesbian at a higher rate than those raised by a father and mother. Men and women have very different personalities, brain structure, talents, etc. They are designed to fit into very different roles within the family. In order for children to be properly socialized, they need to be brought up by both a father and a mother. The long range effects on children who are brought up by two women or two men are unknown and can only be speculated upon. Children of same-sex couples will be exposed to a great deal of ridicule and hatred by their fellow students and this could negatively affect their development. The desire to marry and settle down with a companion for life is very strong in some adults. So is the desire to have children. Other people also believe that if same sex marriage is not allowed, then at least some homosexuals may well be motivated to marry a person of the opposite sex, to leave the homosexual lifestyle, and to become an ex-gay or ex-lesbian. Others feel like same-sex marriage would weaken the institution of marriage by creating a counterfeit version of marriage which will harm the entire population, including children. Some studies show that the incidence of Same sex marriage6 violence between same-sex couples is higher than that between opposite-sex couples. This may also be true of same-sex couples in loving, committed relationships. If so, then children are bound to be harmed by the presence of violence in the home. These are some of the more reasons why many people are against same sex marriage. www.bidstrup.com. Most religions consider homosexuality a sin. Virtually every religion in the world, including the major ones in this country, consider homosexuality unacceptable. It is offensive and a swipe to the religious freedom of the majority to have to recognize a relationship they consider sinful. The legal system in the United States evolved out of the laws contained in the Bible. We shouldnt go even farther to tear down those laws. It would weaken the definition and respect for the institution of marriage. The 50 percent divorce rate has already weakened the definition of marriage. We shouldnt be taking further steps to define what marriage is. A law allowing gay marriage would increase the number of joke or non-serious marriages, such as a couple of friends who want to save on taxes. Marriage is the most sacred institution in this country, and every society considers it the joining of a man and a woman. It makes biological sense since only a man and woman can pro-create. It would further weaken the traditional family values essential to our society. The building blocks of our society and the thing that makes it strong is the traditional family of man, woman, and children. It is what has sustained us through two world wars, terrorist attacks, a Great Depression, and numerous other challenges over the centuries. While friends lovers come and go, your family is always there. The main reason our culture and values have started to crumble is the weakening of families. Introducing another form of family would only make the Same sex marriage7 situation worse. It could provide a slippery slope in the legality of marriage (e.g. having multiple wives or marrying an animal could be next). Gay rights activists claim that these marriages should be allowed because it doesnt hurt anyone, but it could start a chain reaction that destroys the whole idea of marriage. If someone wants to marry his dog, why shouldnt he be able to? What if someone wants to marry their brother or parent? What if someone wants to marry their blow-up doll or have 10 wives? Unless we develop some firm definition of what a marriage is, the options are endless. If these options sound absurd, remember that all it takes is a few activist judges to use the statute to open the door. It doesnt matter if 95 percent of the population disagrees with the policy; one judge can interpret the case the way he or she wants. Do you remember how two judges in California recently declared the Pledge of Allegiance unconstitutional? If the decision hadnt been overturned, it would have prevented millions of children from being able to say the pledge every morning, despite the fact that 95+ percent of Americans disagreed with the decision. A lot of people feel that same sex marriage is not something to be encouraged, as a lot of research shows it leads to a much lower life expectancy, psychological disorders, and other problems. Studies show that homosexuals, for a variety of reasons, have life expectancies of approximately 20 years less than the general population. Just like a lifestyle of smoking, drinking, unhealthy lifestyles should be discouraged. www.religioustolerance.org. Same sex marriage is a debate that will always be there no matter what happens but people should never judge the same sex couple who decide to come together and get married. So long as they are happy and the children are well cared for, we should be happy for them. Same sex marriage8 REFERENCES Bidstrup, Scott (2009, June 3). Gay Marriage, The Arguments And The Motives http://www.balancedpolitics.org/ same sex marriage The marriage and Family Experience http://www.ibiblio.org/gaylaw Same-Sex Marriage in the United States: Focus on the Facts Post-2004 Election Edition by Sean Cahill. You tube Video The ViewArgues over Gay Marriage www.religioustolerance.org