Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Moral Self-Knowledge in Kantian Ethics Essay

In the article named, Moral Self-information in Kantian Ethics, Emer O’Hagan talks about Kant’s perspectives and thoughts concerning self-information and the job it plays in obligation and prudent activity. O’Hagan first presents a key component of Kant’s moral hypothesis which is its acknowledgment of the mental multifaceted nature of people. O’Hagan utilizes this acknowledgment of mental multifaceted nature by Kant to plunge into Kant’s feeling on self-information. When a fundamental comprehension of Kant’s demeanor towards self-information has been built up, O’Hagan then uses Kant’s moral hypothesis to show how self-information can be utilized as a way to help decide the integrity of an activity. The contentions introduced by O’Hagan are legitimate and plainly upheld and checked through the introduced proof. Kant is appeared to have perceived the mental multifaceted nature of the person in perceiving that, â€Å"judgments concerning the rightness of activities are defenseless against defilement from self-intrigued inclination† (O’Hagan 525-537). Kant is stating that that despite the fact that an activity may begin as from obligation, our inner emotions as people can make a helpful end as a methods for the activity, along these lines rendering it not from obligation. Kant additionally perceives that our own decisions about us may not be exact. Moral self-improvement is a training to create precision for our self-decisions and makes into thought one’s intentions in move. O’Hagan reveals to us that this ethical practice requires moral self-information which is a type of mindfulness taught by regard for self-governance, the hypothetical establishment of Kantian morals. As indicated by Kant, the primary order of the obligations to oneself as a good being is self-information. This is simply the capacity to know regarding whether your heart is for acceptable or shrewdness and whether your activities are unadulterated or debased. Kant depicts obligations of excellence to be wide obligations, in that there is certifiably not a reasonable standard for how one ought to approach performing activity for an end that is likewise an obligation. O’Hagan reveals to us that Kant’s obligation of good self-information is the obligation to know one’s own heart. Kant discloses to us that ethical self-information is very troublesome in light of the fact that it includes abstracting, or taking a non-one-sided investigation of one’s self. Since we are bound to our own sentiments and tendencies, we can't totally isolate ourselves from our own inclination. The intensity of self-information is the ability to see things in objectivity rather than subjectivity. The last advance of the contention is relating self-information to deciding the integrity of an activity. O’Hagan reveals to us that creating self-information will create one’s self-comprehension and will create prepares for self-misleading. Utilizing these abilities to genuinely comprehend one’s heart takes into account one to know one’s thought processes, and accordingly handy position in real life. As indicated by Kant, the decency of an activity is controlled by one’s thought processes, so the integrity of one’s activity would now be able to be assessed. O’Hagan unmistakably exhibits the significance of self-information in Kant’s hypothesis of morals and approves its significance by depicting application for utilization of the act of self-information (O’Hagan 525-537).

Saturday, August 22, 2020

How to Pay for College Without Parents Help

Instructions to Pay for College Without Parents' Help SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Paying for school is overwhelming enough when you have the money related help of your family. Be that as it may, for understudies whose guardians can’t or won’t add to costs, making sense of how to pay for school all alone turns into an entire distinctive test. In this guide, I'll spread out all that you have to consider about how to pay forcollege without guardians and all the means you have to take. Chapter by chapter list Reasonable admonition: we will talk abouta lotof stuff in this article. So here's a chapter by chapter guide for you to use as a speedy reference: Paying for College On Your Own: Why it Matters What Does College Even Cost? Limiting Your College Costs: Instructions for Any Cost-Conscious Student Steps to Take if Your Parents Won't Pay What You Should Do in case You're an Independent Student Shutting the Gap: How to Cover Your Remaining Costs Inventive Ways to Fund Your Education Model Scenarios What's Next? Paying for College all alone: Why It Matters The most critical wellsprings of understudy monetary guide are need-based. This implies family money related need is the fundamental model considered when deciding guide qualification. Your accounts are not considered independently from your family’s funds when help sources decide monetary need. This is the situation regardless of whether your folks can't or won't assist you with paying for school. So for what reason is it such a serious deal on the off chance that you can't depend on your family to add to costs? To start with, it's expected that your folks are your family’s essential workers. As an understudy, you likely procure practically no cash. On the off chance that monetary need were just founded on an understudy applicant’s accounts, everybody would be qualified for money related guide (spoiler workmanship: not every person is qualified for need-based budgetary guide). You’re thought about a ward of your folks, which implies they’re the ones fundamentally liable for subsidizing your instruction. This is the situation regardless of whether your folks don’t guarantee you as a reliant when they do your assessments. This is additionally obvious regardless of whether you can show that you’re independent and don’t rely upon your folks for budgetary help, or if your folks are separated. On the off chance that families the nation over could pay less for school by asserting that their children are monetarily autonomous, monetary guide sources would be overpowered. The end here? Government and school-put together budgetary need arebased with respect to your family’s by and large funds. In the event that your folks don’t present their money related data for thought, you won’t be qualified for most types of help. On the off chance that they do present their monetary information and they’re low-need, you won’t be qualified for most types of help. You’d imagine that guide sources would have distinctive guide qualification rules for understudies whose guardians don’t need to pay for school, yet this isn’t the case. In the event that your folks decline topay, the government and institutional subsidizing sources will probably disavow the issue. This is a baffling and out of line circumstance for any understudy to be in. You may feel you’re off guard here-and to be completely forthright, you are. In any case, whatever the explanation that your folks won’t be adding to your advanced degree, there are steps you can take to amplify your guide qualification. It won’t fundamentally be as simple as paying for school with familial help, however it’s unquestionably not feasible. Perhaps the best piece of attending a university is the feeling of opportunity and freedom that accompanies adulthood. You have alternatives and self-sufficiency here as a youthful grown-up so let’s begin figuring outhow to pay for school without guardians. What Does College Even Cost? For the 2018-2019academic year, the normal yearly expense of educational cost and charges was: $35,676at private universities $9,716for state inhabitants at open schools $21,629for non-state inhabitants at open schools The expense of educational cost and charges is generally the primary cost that strikes a chord when peoplethink about paying for school. Shockingly, there’s much more to the image than just educational cost costs-there are covered up or verifiable costs related with going through a year at school. Here are the absolute greatest shrouded costs you may experience dependent on normal sums from 2018-2019: Room and board:averages $12,680at private 4-year universities, $,140at open 4-year schools School textbooks:about $1,240 Travel costs:vary broadly based where you are and where you're going. For instance, in case you're going to anurban school, you may have the option to take open transportation anyplace you need to go. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you go to class the nation over, you'll likely need to purchase boarding passes to travel home over occasions or summer break. Lab expenses and supplies:about $50 per class in the event that they're not effectively folded into charges Individual expenses:about $2,000,but this cost will vary radically dependent on a) the typical cost for basic items of your territory, b) your planning aptitudes, and c) your way of life. Lumping together these costs (particularly on the off chance that you can assess travel expenses and individual costs) will give you a school’s genuine retail cost otherwise called the Cost of Attendance, or CoA. It’s truly simple to get a gauge of a school’s CoA-simply google â€Å"[school name] cost of attendance.† To get an increasingly point by point clarification of every one of these costs, including tips and procedures for diminishing costs, check our manual for what school will truly cost you. Only a brisk look at these numbers will disclose to you that school is presumably unreasonably costly for you to cover all alone. What’s more significant than retail cost, nonetheless, is your â€Å"net price† at a specific school:it’s what you pay after all monetary guide is considered. This is the thing that you really oweout of pocketfor a time of school. Need to appraise your net cost at practically any school? Simply google â€Å"[school name] net cost calculator.† Many schools have an instrument incorporated with their sites that will give you a gauge of how much you’ll pay using cash on hand. These number crunchers consider monetary need and now and then legitimacy based components. Once in a while, however, the net cost is as yet overwhelming, particularly if you’ll be handling it all alone. The remainder of the post will concentrate on limiting this net value, beginning with shrewd school application systems. Limiting Your College Costs: Instructions for Any Cost-Conscious Student What do you do on the off chance that you don't approach a huge amount of assets? You attempt to limit your expenses from the beginning. In the event that you’re applying to schools in view of value, your procedure should concentrate on most minimal net cost, not really least retail cost. Normally, the most ideal approach to diminish your expenses is to apply to schools that will offer you low netprices. Once you’ve been acknowledged to schools, you’ll get official money related guide bundles. You would then be able to figure out which bundles you’re generally OK with. Here are the kinds of schools that will give you the best arrangements. Top Private Schools A ton of all around positioned schools (counting Ivy League colleges and top aesthetic sciences universities) have particularly liberal money related approaches. The main part of monetary guide at these schools will in general be need-based, not merit-based, so you may not get a lot of help on the off chance that you originate from a rich foundation. Remarkably, the Cost of Attendance (or retail cost) for these schools will probably be higher than those ofpublic schools. You may be considering what comprises a well off foundation as indicated by these schools. Thevery top schools-think Harvard, Princeton, Yale-in some cases offer guide to families who make $150,000 and up. For families who are wealthier than that, Harvard requests that they contribute close to 10% of absolute pay. Most importantly these serious schools can even stand to assist families who are moderately wealthy. This implies regardless of whether your folks don’t pay for school, you could even now be qualified for liberal guide dependent on your family’s money related circumstance. Schools That Offer Generous Merit-Based Aid In the event that you’re a high-accomplishing understudy however don’t think you’ll meet all requirements for much need-put together guide based with respect to your family’s funds, you should investigate schools that offer liberal legitimacy grants. Schools with liberal legitimacy based guide programs regularly offer grants to draw in serious understudies. In the event that you have a specific ability (for example in case you're a competitor or performer), or in the event that you have high evaluations and grades, you could be offered some entirely enormous grants. In case you're keen on a specific school, simply google [school name] grants to perceive what kind of help they offer. You can likewise begin bychecking our rundown of schools with the best monetary guide. State funded Schools Open schools and universitiescan be sensibly estimated for in-state studentsbut over the top expensive for out-of-state understudies. They likewise offer considerably less liberal money related guide bundles than a portion of the top tuition based schools, in spite of the fact that they may offer more legitimacy based guide to draw in serious candidates. in the event that you’re keen on going to a state funded college and won’t be getting help from your folks, you should apply to a wide scope of in-state schools. Steps to Take If Your Parents Won't Pay Here's the place we begin getting intothe low down advances ofpaying for your instruction. After deliberately applying to schools, the best method to cover your school costs is to apply for however much money related guide as could be expected. Regardless of whether your folks don’t need to contribute monetarily to your advanced degree, there are ways that they can help make budgetary guide accessible to you. The

Sunday, August 2, 2020

Best of Book Riot The Four Parts of a Book Review

Best of Book Riot The Four Parts of a Book Review To celebrate the end of the year, were running some of our favorite posts from the last six months. Well be back with all-new stuff on January 7th. _________________________ On Tuesday, The Millions posted an interesting essay by Darryl Campbell called “Is This Book Bad, or Is It Just Me? The Anatomy of Book Reviews” that I’ve spent some time thinking about. While I was initially ready to dismiss the piece thanks to an unnecessarily snide and dismissive dig at the world of amaetur (or whatever word you’d like to use) reviews, I actually found Campbell’s anatomy of a book review helpful in thinking through how I write about books and what I hope to learn when I read a book review. First, let’s get the little dig out of the way. In the midst of setting up his purpose with the essay to offer a suggestion of what book reviews should be rather than what they shouldn’t Campbell makes this remark about the general state of book criticism: So I think we can all agree that A) the “book review” is a prestigious class of writing that people aspire to write, and B) there is a continuum of, shall we say, critical perceptiveness â€" what in the pre-everyone-gets-a-trophy age we might call “value” or “quality” â€" on which the multiple-thousand-word, tightly-argued essays of the New York/London/L.A. Review of Books reside at one end, and the rapid reactions of John Q. Tumblr reside at the other. (By the way, I don’t want to suggest that there is something philosophically corrupt or intrinsically wrong about the latter, or that just because something is edited and not self-published, it is automatically better than a blog post. Advanced degrees, journalistic credentials, and/or getting published in hard copy is not a guarantee that a book review is any good. ) Honestly if Campbell really didn’t want to suggest that John Q. Tumblr’s reviews were less than reviews in a mainstream publication, he wouldn’t have made that comment. The implication, even before getting to the dissection of a book review, is that reviews on blogs are less valuable than mainstream criticism even though, as we’ll soon see, there’s nothing in the anatomy of a book review that Campbell suggests that a blogger/Goodreads/Tumblr reviewer couldn’t achieve if that were their goal. So lay off the insults, okay? However, if you can get past that little digression, Campbell’s piece makes a lot of sense. After analyzing many book reviews (most or all of which are from mainstream sources), Campbell suggests four elements of criticism: reaction, summary, aesthetic appraisal and historical appraisal. The first two are rather clear, I think, and are often the basic questions of a review what did you think of the book, and what was the book about? After that, a review can reach for the next elements: giving the book a deeper critique while teaching the review reader something we didn’t know before (aesthetic appraisal) and setting the book within the greater world of literature (historical appraisal). Campbell goes into each of these qualities in more depth in his piece, which I encourage you to go read. This is also the point at which I think Campbell wants to make his distinction on the quality of reviews/reviewers (without actually coming out and saying it again). It’s relatively easy to tell readers what a book is about and whether you liked it; it’s harder to situate the book in comparison to other books or read the book like an expert in the topic and give it a strong critique. However, neither of those things are impossible for John Q. Tumblr, nor are they restricted to the format that Mr. Tumblr chooses to write in. While a site like Goodreads caters itself to reviews that achieve the first and second elements (with starred ratings, shelving, and space for writing reviews), it doesn’t mean Campbell’s four-part reviews couldn’t be there. The fact that they often aren’t is, I would think, more a result of the fact that readers as consumers care less about those questions and more about information that will tell them if a book is worth spending their time and money on. Still, I think it’s a book review anatomy that is achievable and could be useful for reviewers of all levels of “critical perceptiveness,” if we think about the ideas of aesthetic and historical perceptiveness more broadly than Campbell does in his essay. Every person who reads widely and thoughtfully can place a new book in relation to others when they write or talk about it, or comment on whether the arguments of a new book mesh with the facts of our lived experience. Despite a questionable opening volley, Campbell has managed to pull out a useful set of criteria to consider as more readers to become reviewers. But I’m curious what you all think what do you look for in a book review? Are there uses for aesthetic and historical appraisals? What kind of “expertise” or background does a reviewer need to make those assessments? Is there a quality in book reviews you look for that Campbell missed? Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Understanding Case in English Grammar

So what is this thing called case in English, anyway? And why is it important? Being pretty clueless about this aspect of grammar is pretty common: When teachers or editors discuss the importance of getting  case  right in English grammar, quizzical looks from listeners are often the result. But not to worry. Heres a simple explanation: Basically, the concept of case in English is the grammatical relationship of nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence. In English, nouns have only one case inflection: the possessive (or genitive). The case of nouns other than the possessive is sometimes called the common case. Common case nouns are the basic word, such as dog, cat, sunset or water. Pronouns have three case distinctions: Subjective (or nominative)Possessive (or genitive)Objective (or accusative) Examples and Observations on Case Sidney Greenbaum discusses this basic subject of English grammar in Case in The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992). Potentially, countable nouns have four case forms: two singular (child, childs), two plural (children, childrens). In regular nouns, these manifest themselves only in writing, through the apostrophe ( girl, girls, girls, girls), since in speech three of the forms are identical. The genitive [or possessive] case is used in two contexts: dependently, before a noun ( This is Toms/his bat), and independently ( This bat is Toms/his). Most personal pronouns have different forms for the dependent and independent genitive: This is your bat and This bat is yours. The genitive case forms of personal pronouns are often called possessive pronouns. A few pronouns have three cases: subjective or nominative, objective or accusative, and genitive or possessive.Andrea Lunsford gives tips on editing for case in The St. Martins Handbook (2008). In compound structures, make su re pronouns are in the same case they would be in if used alone (Jake and she were living in Spain). When a pronoun follows than or as, complete the sentence mentally. If the pronoun is the subject of an unstated verb, it should be in the subjective case (I like her better than he [likes her]). If it is the object of an unstated verb, it should be in the objective case (I like her better than [I like] him.).Robert Lane Greene talks about the disappearance of case endings in English in his book You Are What You Speak   (2011). While the stickler might see the misuse and gradual disappearance of whom as proof that education and society have been flushed down the toilet, most linguists  -- even though they will almost certainly use whom in their written work themselves -- see the pronouns replacement with who as merely another step in Englishs gradual shedding of case endings. In the era of Beowulf, English nouns had endings that showed what role they played in the sentence, as Lat in did. But nearly all of them disappeared by the time of Shakespeare, and a linguist would see the death of whom as simply the conclusion of the process.

Monday, May 11, 2020

What You Need to Know About Susan B. Anthony

Working closely with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony was a primary organizer, speaker, and writer for the 19th century womens rights movement in the United States, especially the first phases of the long struggle for womens vote, the womens suffrage movement or woman suffrage movement. Susan B. Anthony Biography To learn more about the life of Susan B. Anthony, consult the biography of Anthony on this site: Susan B. Anthony Fun Facts 13 Surprising Facts About Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony Pictures In this gallery are pictures of Susan B. Anthony and several related to her life. Susan B. Anthony Pictures Susan B. Anthonys Contributions to History Susan B. Anthonys work with the womens suffrage movement is an integral part of that movements history, as she and Stanton were central to that work. General accounts of the suffrage movement for the last half of the 19th century and first few years of the 20th century thus are excellent resources about Susan B. Anthonys contributions to history: The Long Road to Suffrage - a description of the woman suffrage movement from Seneca Falls to 1920 Womens Suffrage Events - a timeline of events in the history of the womens suffrage movement in America, starting with Susan B. Anthonys stand in 1837 for equal pay for women teachers. One particular incident which featured Susan B. Anthony was her attempt to vote and subsequent trial for that offense.   The trial is considered a landmark in American womens history: United States v. Susan B. Anthony National Woman Suffrage Association: Susan B. Anthony (with Elizabeth Cady Stanton) headed up this wing of the split womens suffrage movement, 1869 - 1890. Susan B. Anthony Quotes This collection of Susan B. Anthony quotes will give a flavor of her speeches and writings: Susan B. Anthony Quotes About Susan B. Anthony - Contemporary Accounts Contemporary sources -- writings from the time someone was alive -- may not include some of the analysis which historians later developed about particular individuals, but they do provide us with personal details about a persons life, and a perspective on how that individual was perceived while she was alive.   This site includes several contemporary sources about Susan B. Anthony: In these excerpts from The History of Woman Suffrage Volume 1, Elizabeth Cady Stanton describes Susan B. Anthonys entrance into the new movement for womens rights, the beginning of a lifelong friendship between the two women:Reminiscences by Elizabeth Cady StantonIn Reminiscences of Famous Women, Harriet Townsend described her own memory of Susan B. Anthony:Susan B. Anthony by Harriet A. TownsendWhen Susan B. Anthony died in 1906, she was well-known for her work in the womens suffrage movement.   This contemporary obituary says a lot about how she was known and how the media and general public thought of her at the time of her death:Susan B. Anthony Obituary - 1906 Susan B. Anthony in Context To understand Susan B. Anthonys contribution to the womens suffrage movement, these additional resources may be helpful: Timelines: Womens Suffrage Events - a timeline of events in the history of the womens suffrage movement in America, starting with Susan B. Anthonys stand in 1837 for equal pay for women teachers. American Woman Suffrage Timeline - Winning the Vote - a timeline of the state-by-state legal changes on the long road to the vote for American womenOverviews: The Long Road to Suffrage - a description of the woman suffrage movement from Seneca Falls to 1920Key Events in the Womens Suffrage Movement Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention - 1848 - Though Susan B. Anthony did not attend this event, it was key in initiating the active movement for the vote that Anthony participated in for the rest of her life. Womens Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment: this amendment to the constitution split the womens suffrage movement, and later served as a basis for winning womens rights Suffrage Turning Points 1913 - 1917: the March on Washington in 1913 through the reintroduction of the Susan B. Anthony am endment August 26, 1920 - after Susan B. Anthonys death, the womens suffrage amendment to the U.S. Constitution finally was ratified, including women as full voting citizensRelated Individuals Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Stanton and Anthony were friends and cooperated closely in their work in the womens suffrage movement.   Womens Suffrage Biographies - find biographies and other resources of other key activists in the womens suffrage movementMore articles and other resources about the womens suffrage movement: Womens Suffrage - what you need to know about the womens suffrage movement Test Your Knowledge Check out how much you know about the womens suffrage movement with this online quiz: Womens Suffrage Quiz Susan B. Anthony - in Print, in Films The following list includes books by Susan B. Anthony (some with recent analysis and commentary by editors), books about Susan B. Anthony, and books for children and young adults about Susan B. Anthony: Susan B. Anthony Books In 1999, a documentary on Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and their suffrage work premiered. Not for Ourselves Alone

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Why I Love My Job Free Essays

Why I work at Bentleys Resturant I’ve worked in a number of jobs over the years, doing a variety of things, and finally, I’ve decided that working at Bentleys Restaurant is the place for me. I have decided that the best job to have is a job you love,  and I’ve finally found the perfect job for me. Making good money and making sure the costumers are happy are some of the many reasons why I work at Bentleys. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Love My Job or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly making good money is one of the reasons why I work at Bentleys. For example when I make good money I am able to pay my bills on time and even support myself after the bills are paid. I am passionate about making the money, so I go above and beyond the call of duty to ensure that I make a good amount. Even though sometimes the hours are long and sometimes I get really tired, I always strive to make the best of it. The company pays me a base pay of twenty five dollars to come to work. Which means essentially all the money that I make I have to earn. Secondly another reason I work at Bentleys is making sure the customers are happy and having a good time. For instance if the customers are not having a good time or are not satisfied with that service they are less likely to spend money or even return to the business. For example, some of the customer that has had a little too much to drink, sometimes they get irate if they order food and it takes longer than what they expect. These customers may say really rude and hurtful things , but you have to remain calm and professional and continue to give them and excellent level of service. So my caring about them makes them feel special and want to return to the business or even better give me a bigger tip. In conclusion through the long hours and even the few irate customers working at Bentley’s restaurant is a great place and I love working there. Making good money and meeting and making new friends are the top reason why I work at Bentleys. I wouldn’t trade my job for anything. How to cite Why I Love My Job, Essay examples

Thursday, April 30, 2020

Sex Slavery In Thailand Essays - Sex Industry, Forced Prostitution

Sex Slavery In Thailand The desire to be wealthy in the glittering growth of the Thai economy not only lures Many girls into prostitution, but also keeps them there. Although it has not been legal to sell children and women in Thailand since 1905, it is now common for impoverished families in the north to indenture their daughters into sex slavery in closed brothels, from which they are not allowed to leave. It is estimated that 20 per cent of prostitutes were deceived and forced into the profession. When parents failed to repay debts they were asked to sign a promissory note allowing one daughter to be taken to work in Bangkok. The nature of the work was generally specified as housework or factory work, but as soon as the daughter arrived in Bangkok she was forced to receive clients. Slavery, which has been defined as ?the permanent, violent domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons? by Orlando Patterson, a Sociologist at Harvard University has aptly been able to openly recognize that such a tradition exists must be a positive albeit painful, first step. The young girl will thrive upon this degrading form of earning her livelihood, for the rest of her life. This profession robs an individual of her honor, self respect and self conscientiousness. With the rise of capitalism and the popularity of the consumer products Industry The trend towards child prostitution is increasing and has spread to many rural Communities, many peasant families, particularly in the North of Thailand, the selling of daughters into prostitution has become a strategy for economic survival and access to consumer goods. Prostituion in the Asia Pacific is also increasing due to the rural- urban migration, high unemployment and underemployment among young people and the growth of the tourist Industry. Another major factor is the prevalence of the ideology reinforcing male supremacy and the subordination of women. A Bangkok-based group, End Child Prostitution and Trafficking, has campaigned relentlessly against child prostitution, but this has not stopped foreign paedophiles from visiting Thailand. Indeed, the Thai police believe the number of foreigners traveling to the country to have sex with children is rising. All across South-East Asia an increasing number of young children are thought to be at risk. Trafficking in people for the purpose of prostitution is described as ``modern-day slavery''. It is estimated that about 250,000 Asians, mostly women and children, are bought and sold every year. Social Issues